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UAMS Immunology Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2024/2025
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UAMS Immunology Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2024/2025 Innate/Natural Immunity - ANSWERSPresent in healthy individuals; nonspecific; rapid response Ex: epithelial barriers, phagocytes, and inflammation Acquired/Adaptive Immunity - ANSWERSFrom prior experience with AGN mediated by lymphocytes...

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  • August 28, 2024
  • 16
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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UAMS Immunology Exam 1 Questions &
Answers 2024/2025

Innate/Natural Immunity - ANSWERSPresent in healthy individuals; nonspecific; rapid response

Ex: epithelial barriers, phagocytes, and inflammation



Acquired/Adaptive Immunity - ANSWERSFrom prior experience with AGN mediated by lymphocytes;
antigen specific; slow response & memory

Ex: lymphocytes & their products (such as antibodies) involved



Humoral Immunity - ANSWERSMediated by antibodies; produced by B-cells; protects against
extracellular microbes/microbial toxins



Cell-Mediated Immunity - ANSWERSMediated by T cells which produce substances to activate
phagocytes; protects against intracellular microbes/microbial toxins; some T cells may kill host cells
harboring microbes



Active Immunity - ANSWERSHost makes their own antibodies (infection or vaccination); long lived
resistance

Ex: use of vaccines against HBV, measles, polio



Passive - ANSWERSAntibodies are made by another organism; antibodies transferred from and actively
immunized organism; short lived immunity

Ex: newborn being breast fed



B-Cell Specificity - ANSWERSImmunoglobulins attached to their membrane- cross linking of antibodies



T-Cell Specificity - ANSWERSHave receptors (TCR)- interaction of many surface proteins

,Specificity - ANSWERSActivated through interaction of antigen & lymphocyte's specific antigen receptors



Diversity - ANSWERSLymphocytes random selection of gene segments resulting in thousands of different
variable region sequences; potential for recognizing at least a billion antigens



Clonal Selection - ANSWERSSurface receptors bind to specific epitopes with high affinity and avidity
stimulating, activation, proliferation, and differentiation



Memory - ANSWERSResponse against an antigen is heightened upon re-exposure



Primary Immune Response - ANSWERSResponse to first exposure; mediated by a naive lymphocyte
(seeing antigen for the first time)



Secondary Immune Response - ANSWERSReferred to as anamnestic response; usually more rapid, and
larger (eliminating the antigen better); result of "memory" lymphocytes



Immunological Homeostasis - ANSWERSConfers health by responding and controlling infection with
moderation



Immunization - ANSWERSInjecting an antigen to cause immunity by inducing a protective immune
response against specific organisms or its associated toxin prior to the encounter with the pathogen



Immunogen - ANSWERSForeign substance the induces an immune response



Antigens - ANSWERSForeign substance that is capable of producing an immune response; can be harmful
or harmless



Regulation - ANSWERSControl and inhibit self-reactive or over-reactive responses by lymphocytes; keeps
the immune system from attacking the host by elimination, permanent inactivation, & inhibition



External Defenses - ANSWERSDesigned to keep microorganisms from entering the body

Ex: normal flora, skin, mucosal secretions, tears, sweat, ph

, Internal Defenses - ANSWERSClears internal invaders after external defense has been breeched

Ex: inflammation



Clinical Signs of Inflammation - ANSWERSRedness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor)



Inflammation - ANSWERSReaction of the body tissue injury or infection that is designed to bring
phagocytic cells and molecules to the area & isolate the area from the rest of the body



Cell Commonly Seen in Acute Inflammation - ANSWERSNeutrophil (PMN)

*Function returns to normal*



Cell/s commonly seen in chronic inflammation - ANSWERSMacrophages & lymphocytes

*Prolonged; may adversely affect function*



Phagocytosis Sequence of Events - ANSWERS1. Increased blood supply to area, due to dilation of blood
vessels

(chemical mediators released dilate vessels; rubor & calor)

2. Increased vascular permeability caused by retraction of endothelial cells lining blood vessels

(allow fluid in plasma to leak to tissues; tumor & dubor)

3. Influx of phagocytes

(facilitated by more capillary permeability; PMNs arrive first; followed by macrophages)



Acute Phase Reactants - ANSWERSIncrease rapidly with infection, surgery, or other trauma; normal
serum constitutes; made mostly by the liver; nonspecific; first-line defense

Ex: Complement & CRP



CRP (C-reactive protein) - ANSWERSCommon indicator of acute inflammation; coats foreign particles and
activates complement; increases within 4 to 6 hours; declines rapidly when the stimulus ceases; hsCRP is
useful for predicting cardiovascular risk

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