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Psychological Disorders & Treatment Exam 2 |100% Correct Answers|
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Psychological Disorders & Treatment Exam 2 |100% Correct Answers| Antisocial Personality Disorder *Ans*Characterized by lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward family and friends—extreme disregard for feelings and rights of others ¤ Lifetime prevalence: 2-3.5% ¤ More common ...

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  • August 28, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • psychological disorders treatment exam 2 100

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Psychological Disorders & Treatment
Exam 2 |100% Correct Answers|
Antisocial Personality Disorder *Ans*✨Characterized by lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even
toward family and friends—extreme disregard for feelings and rights of others

¤ Lifetime prevalence: 2-3.5%

¤ More common in men

¤ May present as aggressive and ruthless, or a clever con artist

¤ No remorse

¨ Symptoms: self-centeredness, lack of empathy or remorse, shallow, superficial emotions,
deceitfulness, manipulative behavior, disregard for rules, impulsivity

¤ Strong genetic component

¤ Blunted heart rate and perspiration response, and less amygdala activity when shown negative
emotional, threatening stimuli (e.g., photos of murder scene)

¤ Experience less anxiety in general



Anxiety Disorder Development: Biological Perspective: *Ans*✨¤ Natural selection - fear preserves the
species

¤ Genetics - identical twins more likely to share phobias

¤ Malfunctioning brain circuitry (e.g., OCD - elevated activity in anterior cingulate cortex, involved in
action monitoring and error checking



Anxiety Disorder Development: Learning Perspective: *Ans*✨¤ Fear conditioning - through stimulus
generalization and reinforcement

¤ Observational learning - learn what to fear by observing others



Anxiety Disorders *Ans*✨People with Anxiety Disorders suffer such disabling levels of fear and
anxiety that they cannot lead a normal life

Collectively the most common mental disorders in the US

¤ Each year, ~18% of adult population suffer from an anxiety disorder

, Behavior Therapies, Psychotherapy *Ans*✨Rooted in behaviorism - views conditioned, learned
responses as the primary explanation for behavior

¤ Problem behaviors (e.g., phobias) are learned behaviors that can be extinguished and replaced by
adaptive ones by applying learning principles

¤ Goal: change problem behaviors, not focused on exploring feelings

*Counterconditioning* - using classical conditioning to evoke new associations, to replace unwanted
responses

--*Exposure Therapies*-expose people to what they normally avoid or escape

...*Systematic desensitization* - type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with
gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

--*Aversion Therapies* Associates an unpleasant state (e.g., nausea) with an unwanted behavior (e.g.,
drinking alcohol) Transforming the person's reaction from positive to negative (positive punishment)



Bipolar Disorder *Ans*✨Mood Disorder

Person alternates between depression and mania

¤ Mania - euphoric, hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

¤ Symptoms - over-talkative, over-active, elated (although also easily irritate if crossed); little need for
sleep; loud, flighty speech; poor judgment (reckless spending, risky investments, unsafe sex - fewer
inhibitions).

¨ Bipolor disorder is less common than depression, but often more dysfunctional (lifetime risk ~ 2.6%)



Body Dysmorphic Disorder Somatoform Disorders *Ans*✨Persistent and intrusive preoccupation with
an imagined or slight defect in one's appearance

¤ May avoid contact with others or go to great lengths to hide defect



Borderline Personality Disorder *Ans*✨severe instability in emotion and self concepts and high levels
of volatility.

Symptoms: major mood shifts (depressive, anxious, irritable, angry), unstable self-image, impulsivity,
unstable relationships, sometimes physically aggressive towards self or others and/or suicidal thoughts

Cause not well understood, perhaps improper emotional regulation coupled with an environment that
teaches one to ignore intense emotions

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