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CHAPTER-07 STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN ANIMALS
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CHAPTER-07 STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN ANIMALS
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CBSE Quick Revision Notes (Class-11 Biology)CHAPTER-07 STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN ANIMALS
In multicellular organism a group of similar cells along with intercellular substances perform
a specific function. Such organization is called tissue.
Animal Tissues
Epithelial Connective Muscular Neural
Epithelial Tissue
This tissue provides covering or lining for some part of the body. Cells are compactly packed
without intercellular space.
Simple epithelium is composed of single
layers of cells and function as lining of
body cavities, ducts and tubes.
The compound epithelium consists of two
or more than two layers of cells and has
protective function.
The squamous epithelium made up of
single layer of flattened cells with irregular
boundaries. They are present in blood
vessels, air sacs of lungs.
Cuboidal epithelium is made up of single layered cube-like cells and found in ducts of
glands and tubular part of nephron of kidney for absorption and secretion.
Columnar epitheliums are made up of tall and slender cells. The nuclei are located at the
base. Free surface may have microvilli found in ling of stomach and intestine. The ciliated
one are called as ciliated epithelium.
Columnar and cuboidal epithelium specialized for secretion are known as glandular
epithelium, which may be unicellular as in goblet cells of alimentary canal or multicellular
as in salivary gland.
Endocrine glands Exocrine glands
a. Secretes enzymes, milk, mucus, saliva a. Exocrine gland secretes hormones.
etc. b. Products are directly released at
b. Products are released through ducts. target sites through blood.
• Main function of compound epithelium tissue is to provide protection chemical and
mechanical stress. They cover the dry surface of skin, moist surface of buccal cavity etc.
• Epithelial cells are held together by intercellular material to form specialized junction.
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, Epithelial Junctions
Tight junctions Adhering Junctions Gap Junctions
(perform cementing of (Facilate the cells to
( help to stop leaking)
neighbouring cells) communicate)
Connective Tissues
They are most abundant and widely distributed tissues which link and support the other
tissues. All connective tissue except blood, cell secretes fibres of structural protein called
collagen or elastin to provide elasticity and flexibility.
Loose Connective Tissues contain cells and fibres loosely arranged in semi-fluid ground
substance. It includes areolar tissue and adipose tissue.
Connective Tissues
Loose Dense Specialised Connective
Connective Tissues Connective Tissues Tissues
Areolar Connective Tissue Adipose Connective Tissue
a. It contains fibroblast, a. fibroblast, macrophages and mast
macrophages and mast cells. cells are absent.
b. It acts as support framework b. The cells are specialized to store
for epithelium. fats beneath the skin.
Dense connective Tissue contains fibres and fibroblast compactly packed. The
orientation of fibres may be regular or irregular pattern.
In dense regular connective tissues collagen fibres are present in rows between parallel
bundles of fibres as in tendons and ligaments.
Tendon Ligament
a. Tendon connects bones to a. Ligament connects one bone to
skeletal muscles. another bone.
b. It is made up of white fibrous b. It is made up of yellow elastic
tough tissue. tissue with collagen fibres.
Cartilage, bones and blood are specialized connective tissue.
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