Exam (elaborations)
Chapter 6 Cognitive Developmental Approaches
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Chapter 6 Cognitive Developmental Approaches
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6Student:
1. Infants develop behavioral schemes, whereas children develop schemes.
A. mental
B. adaptive
C. physical
D. active
2. Nine-year-old AJ enjoys participating in organized sports. He is developing an idea of belonging to a
team. AJ's concept of being a team member is an example of a(n)
A. disequilibrium.
B. accommodation.
C. scheme.
D. assimilation.
3. The cognitive process of assimilation occurs when individuals
A. adjust old schemes to fit new information.
B. ignore information contradicting previous knowledge.
C. try to balance conflicting information.
D. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
4. Lexi calls every animal she sees a cat. This is an example of
A. disequilibrium.
B. assimilation.
C. accommodation.
D. equilibration.
5. Devin plays in the sand for the first time. Instead of digging in it, he tries to scoop and throw it, just like
he plays with water in his bathtub. This is an example of
A. disequilibrium.
B. assimilation.
C. organization.
D. accommodation.
6. Tim understands that cars are vehicles. Later, he hears others refer to buses, trucks, or ships as vehicles,
and starts to call them vehicles, too. This change is an example of
A. scheme.
B. assimilation.
C. accommodation.
D. disequilibrium.
7. The cognitive process of accommodation occurs when individuals
A. adjust old schemes to fit new information.
B. ignore information contradicting previous knowledge.
C. try to balance conflicting information.
D. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
8. Eventually children learn not to put everything in their mouths. This is an example of
A. assimilation.
B. disequilibrium.
C. accommodation.
D. equilibration.
,9. When people encounter information that conflicts with the schemes they have established, they
experience .
A. disequilibrium
B. equilibrium
C. accommodation
D. organization
10. Daniel is confused when his mother prompts him to say hello to a person he doesn't know, because he
understands the "don't talk to strangers" rule. Daniel experiences cognitive .
A. accommodation.
B. assimilation.
C. equilibrium.
D. disequilibrium.
11. According to Piaget, what is a child's motivation for change?
A. an internal search for equilibrium
B. an internal search for disequilibrium
C. assimilation and accommodation
D. punishments and rewards from other people
12. Piaget's cognitive developmental stages
A. signify qualitative differences in cognition.
B. signify quantitative changes in cognition.
C. consist of six major different periods.
D. consist of four major different periods that do not have a particular sequential order.
13. Which of Piaget's stages lasts from birth to about 2 years of age?
A. sensorimotor
B. concrete operational
C. formal operational
D. preoperational
14. Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages?
A. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
B. concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational
C. preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, sensorimotor
D. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
15. Rooting and sucking occur during the first sensorimotor substage called
A. first habits and primary circular reactions.
B. simple reflexes.
C. complex reflexes.
D. primary circular reactions.
16. When the mother puts the nipple into the mouth of 3-week-old Kierra, she starts sucking. This is an
example of which sensorimotor substage?
A. secondary circular reactions
B. simple reflexes
C. coordination of secondary circular reactions
D. first habits and primary circular reaction
17. What is the main difference between a reflex and a habit?
A. Habits are developed through the process of evolution. Reflexes are developed by repeated actions.
B. A habit is based on a reflex, and it is still dependent on the original eliciting stimulus.
C. A habit is based on a reflex, but it is completely separated from the original eliciting stimulus.
D. There is no difference. The terms may be used interchangeably.
,18. A scheme based on a reflex that has become completely separate from its eliciting stimulus is called a
A. primitive symbol.
B. disequilibrium.
C. habit.
D. primary circular reaction.
19. Baby Dennis sees a ball on the floor. He picks it up, looks at it carefully, and then bangs it on the ground.
He picks it up again, holds it over his head, and drops it. Then, he picks it up and throws it. Dennis
continues playing for several minutes. Dennis is in which of Piaget's sensorimotor substages?
A. primary circular reactions
B. secondary circular reactions
C. coordination of secondary circular reactions
D. tertiary circular reactions
20. Gabbi holds a piece of plastic toy, starts to produce the chewing action repeatedly, and says “I’m eating
fish.” Gabbi is in which sensorimotor substage?
A. internalization of schemes
B. secondary circular reactions
C. coordination of secondary circular reactions
D. tertiary circular reactions
21. Madeline leaves her 3-month-old son with a childcare provider. Piaget would argue that Madeline's son
does not miss Madeline because he has not developed
A. attachment.
B. object permanence.
C. disequilibrium.
D. equilibrium.
22. Mimi crawls into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves the room. According to Piaget, this
shows that Mimi
A. is confused by the concept of object permanence.
B. is making an A-not-B error.
C. has not yet developed object permanence.
D. has developed object permanence.
23. Baby Alec continues to fuss for over 5 minutes when his brother takes away a toy that he enjoys playing
with. This can be used as evidence that Alec has developed
A. disequilibrium.
B. equilibrium.
C. adaptation.
D. object permanence.
24. Which of the following would be impossible without the understanding of the concept of object
permanence?
A. rehabituation after being presented with a new and interesting toy
B. starting a habitual action without the stimulus in the original reflex
C. intentional action such as using a stick to bring a toy close
D. thinking of your mother while she is at work
25. Trent watches his mother hide a block under one of two cups and lifts the correct cup to retrieve the
block. When his mother hides the block under the other cup, he still lifts the original cup to search for the
block. Trent has demonstrated a(n)
A. A-not-B error.
B. a complete understanding of object permanence.
C. habituation to the first cup.
D. disequilibrium.
, 26. The research of Spelke and research of Baillargeon show that infants as young as 3 or 4 months old
understand object permanence, because infants expect them to exist when the objects are hidden.
However, critics question whether an infant's is a valid measure of object permanence, because it
merely demonstrates .
A. lack of interest in the objects; cognitive competencies
B. lack of interest in the objects; perceptual competencies
C. longer looking time; perceptual competencies
D. longer looking time; cognitive competencies
27. Why does the finding that 4-month-old infants have intermodal perception challenge Piaget's theory?
A.Piaget argued that young infants develop the ability to coordinate sensory information from multiple
sources at a much later age.
B. Piaget believed that infants have the ability to coordinate sensory information from multiple sources
right after birth.
C.Piaget believed that information from one sensory source is not connected to information from another
sensory Source.
D. Piaget believed that infants only rely on information from actions, not on perception.
28. If one adopts Spelke’s Core Knowledge Approach, one would believe that
A. children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to all different domains during the first few
months after birth.
B. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to all different domains.
C. children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains during the first few months
after birth.
D. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains.
29. The preoperational stage lasts from ages
A. 3 to 5.
B. 4 to 7.
C. 2 to 4.
D. 2 to 7.
30. Piaget labeled his second stage preoperational, because children at this stage
A. cannot yet perform operations mentally that they are able to do physically.
B. do not have symbolic thought, and can only deal with sensory information and physical action.
C. cannot perform physical operations.
D. do not have stable concepts and cannot reason.
31. Five-year-old Marta draws a picture of a boat on the ocean at sunset. Marta is showing evidence of
A. animism.
B. egocentrism.
C. operations.
D. symbolic function.
32. Angie asks her grandmother over the phone, "Do you like the color of my new shirt that I'm wearing
now?" This is an example of
A. egocentrism.
B. animism.
C. operations.
D. symbolic function.
33. Animism and egocentrism represent limitations in the preoperational child's thinking, because they
indicate an inability to
A. think symbolically.
B. center attention on one characteristic.
C. distinguish among different perspectives.
D. to be fanciful and inventive in their drawings.
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