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RMDA2 Exam Question and answers rated A+ 2024 RMDA2 Exam #2 University of Iowa (Mordkoff) (Rough Draft) Construct Validity - correct answer - *Are you actually studying what you are supposed to be studying?* -"The whole truth and nothing but the truth." - The extent to which a set of empiri...

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  • August 30, 2024
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RMDA2 Exam #2 University of Iowa
(Mordkoff) (Rough Draft)
Construct Validity - correct answer ✔- *Are you actually studying what you
are supposed to be studying?*
-"The whole truth and nothing but the truth."
- The extent to which a set of empirical measures provides a selective and
exhaustive estimate of the target theoretical variables.


External Validity - correct answer ✔- The extent to which the results of the
experiment can be generalized to other people, places, and times, rather than
being attributed to one specific case.


Internal Validity - correct answer ✔- The extent to which the observed
pattern of results is due to the causal relationships between the variables and
not caused by external forces or confounds ("third variables").
- Objective, never theoretical.
- All threats to internal validity are confounds.
- In context of experiments, internal validity is the extent to which the pattern
observed in the DV is due to the causal effect of the IV. Any variable that
varies systematically with IV.


Statistical (Conclusion) Validity - correct answer ✔- The extent to which
conclusions about the relationship among variables based on the data are
correct and/or reasonable.
- Also the extent to which inferences based on a sample provide accurate
estimates of the sampling population.


Subject Confounds - correct answer ✔- Systematic pre-existing differences
for subjects assigned to each condition.

,- This is only an issue for between subject designs.
- Caused by a failure of random assignment.


Design Confounds - correct answer ✔1) Unintended consequences of
manipulation (like dim lighting that causes a buzzing noise and disturbs
subjects).
2) Lack of control (bright light and dim light conditions run at different times of
the day).


Design Confounds vs. Subject Confounds (Selection Effects) - correct answer
✔- Design confounds are aspects of the experiment that vary systematically
with the independent variable, but they are built into the experiment, such as a
buzzing noise in dim lighting condition only.
- Subject confound or selection effects can occur when the participants in the
different conditions of an experiment are systematically different due to failure
of random assignment.


Testing Effects - correct answer ✔- A change in behavior of subject due to
previous testing, i.e. the participant may get a higher score just from practice
instead of from the intervention (from repeated measures). Similar to
reactivity.


Instrumentation Effects - correct answer ✔- A change in measurement due
to previous use (from repeated measures)


Maturation Effects - correct answer ✔- A change in behavior that emerges
spontaneously over time from getting older (from the passage of time)


History Effects - correct answer ✔- A chance in behavior due to an external
event (from the passage of time)

, Bias - correct answer ✔- Systematically affects participant performance.
- *Ex:* Having two groups performing at very different times during the day.
Have the two groups play in very different temperatures.


Experimenter Bias - correct answer ✔- When the beliefs of the experimenter
influence the results at the time of the manipulation because of their behavior
("sorry I know it's dark in here" in dim lights condition).


Observer Bias - correct answer ✔- A confound created when the beliefs of
the experimenter (coder or observer) influence the results because they
change their behavior at the time of collecting data.


Demand Characteristics - correct answer ✔- Any aspect of the experiment
that provides the subjects with info as to what is being studied (which isn't a
problem on it's own, but often causes reactivity)


Reactivity - correct answer ✔- Changing behavior due to being studied,
which is a huge threat to CONSTRUCT validity (big threat to within-subject
groups)


Independent Variables (IV) - correct answer ✔- Always at least one, it is a
defining attribute of an experiment.
- It is a variable that is manipulated by the experimenters.


Dependent Variables (DV) - correct answer ✔- Always at least one.
- It is a variable that is affected as a result of the experiment and measured.


Within-Subjects Design - correct answer ✔- Design where all subjects take
part in every condition.
- Comparisons are made within every subject.

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