100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
BCH210 RUNBACK EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ CA$19.71   Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. BCH210 RUNBACK
  4.  
  5. BCH210 RUNBACK

Exam (elaborations)

BCH210 RUNBACK EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
 6 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • BCH210 RUNBACK
  • Institution
  • BCH210 RUNBACK

BCH210 RUNBACK EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ Lactate dehydrogenase - Answer-Pyruvate + NADH --> lactate + NAD+ Regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis when O2 is unavailable; in red blood cells, lactate is always produced since no mitochondria Cori cycle - Answer-1. Lactate is produced ...

[Show more]

Preview 3 out of 17  pages

Document information

  • August 30, 2024
  • 17
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

Subjects

  • bch210 runback
  • lactate dehydrogenase
  • bch210 runback exam questions with answers

Written for

  • BCH210 RUNBACK
  • BCH210 RUNBACK

Seller

avatar-seller
Perfectscorer

Reviews received

Content preview

BCH210 RUNBACK EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+

Lactate dehydrogenase - Answer-Pyruvate + NADH --> lactate + NAD+

Regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis when O2 is unavailable; in red blood cells, lactate is
always produced since no mitochondria

Cori cycle - Answer-1. Lactate is produced in the bloodstream by red blood cells
2. Liver picks up lactate; lactate dehydrogenase converts it back into pyruvate
3. Pyruvate is converted into oxaloacetate, where it either enters the CAC or GNG

Gluconeogenesis overview - Answer-Occurs in liver/kidney to produce glucose; only the
conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate occurs in the mitochondria
Only the reversible steps are shared with glycolysis; 4 enzymes are used to catalyze a
pathway with delta G = -38

Pyruvate carboxylase & PEP carboxykinase - Answer-Reverse of glycolysis step 10
(making PEP):
1) pyruvate + bicarbonate + ATP --> oxaloacetate + ADP + P
2) oxaloacetate + GTP --> PEP + GDP + CO2

Bicarbonate donates CO2 to pyruvate; CO2 release is then used to fuel oxaloacetate
phosphorylation to PEP

Gluconeogenesis pathway - Answer-1. Pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate, then PEP
2. 2 PEPs are turned into GAP and DHAP --> F1,6BP
3. F1,6BP has a phosphate cut off to F6P
4. F6P is converted back to G6P
5. G6P is returned to glucose

2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2 NADH + 6 H2O --> glucose

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase - Answer-Reverse of glycolysis step 3:
F1,6BP + H2O --> F6P + P

Glucose-6-phosphatase - Answer-Reverse of glycolysis step 1:
G6P + H2O --> glucose + P

Glycerol to glucose - Answer-Since acetyl CoA can't turn into pyruvate, fatty acid chains
can't be made into glucose, but glycerol can

1. Glycerol kinase:

,glycerol + ATP --> glycerol phosphate + ADP + H+
2. Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase:
glycerol phosphate + NAD+ --> DHAP + NADH

2 glycerol + 2 ATP + 2 H2O --> glucose + 2 NADHcyt

Tandem enzyme (PFK-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase) - Answer-F2,6BP stimulates
PFK-1 of glycolysis and inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase of GNG
Tandem enzyme of PFK-2 and fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase controls F2,6BP; single
polypeptide chain with 3 domains -- 2 active sites for the enzymes and a regulatory
domain
Phosphorylation of the regulatory domain determines which enzyme is active
Low blood glucose: PKA phosphorylates the domain, promoting gluconeogenesis so the
liver will share glucose
High F6P levels: phosphoprotein phosphatase dephosphorylates the domain, promoting
glycolysis

Triacylglycerol - Answer-Storage form for lipids; glycerol backbone connected to three
fatty acyl chains via ester linkages

Triacylglycerol lipase (hormone sensitive lipase) - Answer-Removes two tails from
triacylglycerol; activated by PKA
Monoacylglycerol removes the third tail

Albumin - Answer-Transporter for released acyl chains (amphipathic)

Fatty acid activation - Answer-Upon arrival in a cell, fatty acids are activated by adding
CoA so they can't leave the cytoplasm
Overall, requires 2 ATP and 1 H2O

Acyl CoA synthetase - Answer-Fatty acid activation:
fatty acid + ATP + CoA --> fatty acid-CoA + AMP + PP

This reaction is driven forward by the subsequent hydrolysis of pyrophosphate, which
requires H2O

AMP inefficiency - Answer-Any reaction that produces AMP requires an extra ATP to
remake ADP; adenylate kinase catalyzes ATP + AMP --> 2 ADP

Carnitine shuttle - Answer-Since beta-oxidation occurs in the matrix, but CoA can't cross
the inner membrane, an intermembrane shuttle is needed:
1. CAT-1 transfers acyl from CoA to carnitine
2. Translocase swaps intermembrane acyl-carnitine for matrix carnitine
3. CAT-2 transfers acyl back to CoA

, Beta-oxidation - Answer-Each round, H2O/CoA are used to shorten the acyl chain by 2
carbons, releasing acetyl CoA/NADH/FADH2
1. Acyl CoA dehydrogenase: creates a double-bond between alpha-beta carbons,
releasing FADH2
2. Hydratase: adds H2O across the double bond
3. Dehydrogenase: creates a keto group on the beta carbon, releasing NADH
4. Thiolase: new CoA releases acetyl CoA from the beta-keto

Monosaccharides - Answer-Soluble in water due to OH groups (always have either an
aldehyde or ketone)
Formula: (CH2O)n, where n is at least 3

Carbohydrate numbering - Answer-Always starts at the carbonyl; aldehyde is C1,
ketone is C2

L vs. D isomers - Answer-Named based on left (l) vs. right (d) orientation of OH group
Capital lettering given to highest-number chiral carbon; D is physiologically relevant

Number of stereoisomers - Answer-2^x, where x is the number of chiral carbons
x = total number of carbons - 2 (aldehyde) or -3 (ketone)

Carbohydrate cyclization - Answer-Hydroxyl group initiates a nucleophilic attack on
same-chain carbonyl carbon, donating an electron pair
Must occur in solution as water donates/receives protons
Easily reversible

Furan - Answer-5-member ring (4C 1O)

Pyran - Answer-6-member ring (5C 1O); formed when attacking hydroxyl group is
further down in the sugar structure

Hemiacetal - Answer-Aldehyde derivative

Hemiketal - Answer-Ketone derivative

Glucopyranose formation - Answer-Glucose's C5 hydroxyl attacks the aldehyde, forming
a 6-member ring with C1-C5 and the attacking hydroxyl's O; if a C2 ketone was
attacked, C2-C5 would form a 5-member ring

Alpha vs. beta glucopyranose - Answer-Alpha: OH points below ring
Beta: OH points above ring (more stable due to less repulsion between OH groups)
Refers to the OH (C1) formed when carbonyl O picks up an H+ from water, not the in-
ring O from the attacking hydroxyl

Honey - Answer-Fructose is the main sugar found in honey

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Perfectscorer. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for CA$19.71. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

67474 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
CA$19.71
  • (0)
  Add to cart