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Exotics NAVLE Question Review questions and answers rated A+ 2024/2025
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Exotics NAVLE Question Reviewthe correct answer is *metabolic bone disease*.
Usually, you will see *bowing of the long bones* with rounding of the skull in addition to the
clinical findings mentioned.
The disease usually occurs as a result of *secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism*. When
there is inadequate calcium absorbed from the diet, the *parathyroid glands become
hyperactive, causing release of calcium stores in the bones*, leading to *fibrous and pliable*
bones.
Adequate nutrition is key to preventing this disease!! - ANSAn 8-month old iguana presents for
further evaluation of a lack of thriving. On physical exam, a pliable mandible and maxilla are
palpated. What is your diagnosis?
a. Metabolic bone disease
b. Coccidioidmycosis
c. This is a normal finding
d. Osteomyelitits
The etiologic agent for *PBFD* is *circovirus-1* and *circovirus-2* so submitting a *whole blood*
sample for *DNA probe* analysis is the best method to check for *viremia*. - ANSYou are
presented with two young wild cockatoos that have immature, clubbed feathers and a
malformed beak (see image). You suspect this is Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD).
Which test would you run to confirm your diagnosis?
a. PCR probe of whole blood for circovirus DNA
b. A serologic test for antibody to herpesvirus
c. PCR probe of whole blood for polyomavirus DNA
d. A gram stain of the diseased feather pulp.
*Uterine adenocarcinoma* is the most common *neoplasia* of *female rabbits*, with up to
*80%* incidence among intact females of certain species.
Because of this, all female rabbits that are *not breeders* should be *spayed*. The most
common signs of uterine ACA are *hematuria, anorexia, depression, dysuria*, and *milk
production*.
Pregnancy would be unlikely to cause *hematuria*. Rabbits are *induced ovulators* and *do
not* exhibit estrous. Hematuria must be distinguished from *porphyrinuria*, which is a normal
,*red or orange* pigment in the urine of some *rabbits*. However, porphyrinuria *DOES NOT*
cause *anorexia* and *weight loss*.
Rabbit syphilis is a *sexually* transmitted disease caused by *Treponema paraluis cuniculi*. It
causes *perineal lesions* but does not cause hematuria - ANSA 5-year old female intact New
Zealand White rabbit presents for *hematuria, anorexia*, and *weight loss*. What is the most
likely differential?
a. Uterine adenocarcinoma
b. Normal Estrous
c. Rabbit syphilis
d. Porphyrinuria
e. Pregnancy
The correct answer is *vertebral fracture*.
Fractures in the *caudal lumbar* region frequently occur when rabbits *are not handled
properly* or are stimulated to jump around excessively.
*Fractures* are *much more common* than *luxations, disc extrusions*, or *emboli*.
The most common site of fracture is *L7*. - ANSA client brings in her rabbit, which acutely went
down in the hind limbs after playing with the owner's daughter yesterday. On physical exam, the
rabbit is dribbling urine and has no withdrawal in the hind legs. Forelimbs are normal. What do
you suspect?
a. Hansen's type II disc herniation
b. Vertebral fracture
c. Fibrocartilage embolism
d. Vertebral luxation
e. Hansen's type I herniation
The correct answer is *renal adenocarcinoma*.
A *mass* in the renal parenchyma of a bird will compress and compromise the function of the
*ischiatic nerve*, causing a unilateral leg *lameness*.
We would be unlikely to see *unilateral lameness* with *lead toxicity*. Bumblefoot could affect
*one* foot, but *WOULD NOT* cause polydipsia.
Teflon toxicity causes *acute death* in *birds*. - ANSAn adult budgerigar presents sitting on the
floor of its cage. It has a history of polydipsia, weight loss, and progressive left leg lameness.
What is your highest suspicion for what may be causing these signs?
,a. Renal adenocarcinoma
b. Bumble foot
c. Lead toxicity
d. Teflon toxicity
The correct answer is to *euthanize the colony*.
*LCM* is caused by an *RNA arenavirus*.
The disease is a *zoonotic* concern, so *euthanasia is recommended* for animals affected with
the disease. - ANSYou diagnose a colony of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM).
What is your next step?
a. Euthanize the colony
b. Treat aggressively with antibiotics
c. Do nothing; the disease is self limiting
d. Notify the federal authorities
The correct answer is *metabolic bone disease*. Other things to look for are a *pliable
mandible* and *maxilla*.
Usually, you will see *bowing* of the *long bones* with rounding of the *skull*. The disease
usually occurs as a result of *secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism* or hypovitaminosis D.
*Gout* results from a *primary overproduction* of uric acid or an *inability* to *excrete uric acid*.
- ANSA one year old rescued iguana presents for further evaluation as a result of poor growth.
Survey radiographs show osteopenia and evidence of remodeling suggestive of a previous
fracture. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Hypovitaminosis C
b. Primary Hypoparathyroidism
c. Gout
d. Metabolic bone disease
The correct answer is *ivermectin*.
*Ivermectin* is highly *toxic in turtles* and causes *paresis, paralysis, and death* at *low* doses.
Ivermectin is *not recommended* in turtles despite its efficacy in treating *nematode* infection -
ANSA turtle is presented to you for diarrhea. You diagnose a nematode infection on fecal smear.
Which of the following is not a treatment option for the turtle? *It will kill the nematode as well as
the turtle*
a. Levamisole
, b. Fenbendazole
c. Ivermectin
d. Thiabendazole
e. Mebendazole
The correct answer is *clostridial enterotoxemia*.
Because the *rabbit GI tract* is composed primarily of *gram positive bacteria*;
use of *oral antibiotics* with a gram positive spectrum *disrupt* the *normal balance of flora*
and allow for growth of *clostridium difficile* or *clostridium spiroforme* which can cause severe,
sometimes *fatal enterotoxemia*. - ANSUse of oral ampicillin in a rabbit is most likely to
precipitate which of the following?
a. Candidiasis
b. Colibacillosis
c. Aspergillosis
d. Clostridial entertoxemia
e. Treponemiasis
The correct answer is tell the owner this is *normal for iguanas*.
It is of common occurrence that owners suddenly pay attention to their iguana's tongue and note
that they are *darkly pigmented*.
If the owner is not properly educated they will likely mistake it for a sign of *disease or distress*.
- ANSAn iguana presents to your clinic on an emergency basis because the owner noticed the
iguana's tongue is very dark red in color. What is your next step?
a. Tell the owner this is normal for iguanas
b. Evaluate the iguana for respiratory disease
c. Begin aggressive broad spectrum antibiotic therapy
d. Screen the iguana for metabolic bone disease
Amoxicillin is effective against *Gram-positive bacteria*, especially *Staphylococcus*.
It is absorbed *orally* and can be administered in *water to birds* with susceptible bacterial
infections. *Metronidazole* is useful in birds against *anaerobic infections* such as *Clostridium*
and some motile protozoa such as *Trichomonas, Giardia* and *Cochlosoma*.
Ketoconazole is an antifungal sometimes used for *Candida* infections. *Terbinafine* is an
antifungal used to treat *Aspergillus* and dermatophytes.
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