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Brain and Behavior Exam with correct answers 2024
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What is the difference between sensation and perception? Where does each occur? correct answers Sensation is the registration of physical stimuli from the environment by the sensory organs. Perception is subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain and allows for illusions. What is the ...

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  • September 2, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • brain and behavior exam 3

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Brain and Behavior Exam 3

What is the difference between sensation and perception? Where does each occur?
correct answers Sensation is the registration of physical stimuli from the environment by
the sensory organs. Perception is subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain
and allows for illusions.

What is the law of specific nerve energies correct answers Taste with tongue, see with
our eyes, hear with our ears, smell with our nose

What are the physical forces that "act" at each sense? correct answers seeing: lights
hearing: sound waves (air molecules vibrating)
Touch
Taste: chemical

Anatomy of the eye correct answers Pupil:
- Hole in center of eye where light passes through; size (dilated or constricted)
determines how much light can pass
Iris:
-Circular band of muscles that controls the size of the pupil, therefore controls light
entry; dilates with dilator and contracts with sphincter
Lens:
-Bends light (to focus image on retina) passing through the eye; ciliary muscles control
its curvature Fovea (point of central focus):
- most detailed vision happens here
Retina (rods and cones):
- Tissue with nerve cells and photoreceptors
-Like an outgrowth of the brain (same embryonic tissue)
Blind spot:
-Hole in retina where optic nerve exits eye
-No photoreceptors her (blind spot)
Optic nerve:
-Cranial nerve (CN) II
-Sensory info from photoreceptors to brain

Understand the Acuity-Sensitivity Tradeoff correct answers One to one= good acuity;
many to one (convergence)= good sensitivity but poor acuity (rods off-fovea)

There are photopigments (comprised of retinal and opsins) in rods and cones
thatrespond to different wavelengths. The exact structure of opsin molecule
determinesmaximal sensitivity to wavelengths of light. correct answers Long
wavelength: red light
medium wavelength: green light

, short wavelength: blue light

What is the Trichromatic Theory of color vision? correct answers -Three kinds of
receptors for human color vision (color cones)
-Determined by the particular opsin within a photoreceptor
-Each cone maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths
-Color is perceived through the relative rates of response of each cones
-Any response by one cone is ambiguous
-Retina contains equal number of red and green cones; much smaller number of blue
cones

What is the Retinex Theory? correct answers Cortex compares information from
various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area. Better
explains color consistency

Opponent-Process Theory? correct answers -We receive color in terms of paired
opposites
-Bipolar cells are excited by one set of wavelengths and inhibited by another

What causes color vision deficiency? What sex chromosome is it carried on, X or Y?
correct answers Impairment in perceiving color differences on the X chromosome
caused by either lack of a type of cone or a cone has abnormal properties

The receptive field of a receptor and ganglion cell correct answers Receptor- the point
in space from which light strikes the cell. Receptor field: the part of the visual field that
either excites or inhibits a cell in the visual system of the brain.
Ganglion cell- the combined receptive fields of those receptors

The ganglion axons exit the as the optic nerve and then go where? In other words what
are brain regions involved in vision and the visual pathways through to the cortex?
correct answers Brain regions:
-Optic chiasm: fibers from nasal retina decussate
-Thalamus-> cortex: perception, what and where, topographically organized
-Superior colliculus: reflexes and orientation; some cells respond only when hear and
see thing in same location
-Supra-chiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus: circadian clock; for sleep-wake cycle
Visual; pathways in cortex:
-Mostly information from the rods; responds to movement
-Mixed pathway sensitive to brightness and color
-Mostly information from the cones; pathway sensitive to details of shape

"where pathway" correct answers vision is the dorsal stream (Primary visual cortex→
Secondary visual cortex → Association cortex to posterior parietalcortex) and is
important for things like maze learning, ability to perceivemovement, find objects and
move toward them.

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