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NUR 252- Exam 4- Psychobiology Review Questions and Correct Answers
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Anxiety definition sense of dread without any apparent stimulus, leads to negative coping mechanisms Avoidance (in anxiety) social interactions, relationships, opportunities for growth Somatic responses (in anxiety) palpitations, sweating, rapid breathing Potential causes of anxiety traumatic ev...

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  • September 5, 2024
  • 7
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • anxiety definition sense of dread without any app
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NUR 252- Exam 4-
Psychobiology Review Questions and
Correct Answers
Anxiety definition ✅sense of dread without any apparent stimulus, leads to negative
coping mechanisms

Avoidance (in anxiety) ✅social interactions, relationships, opportunities for growth

Somatic responses (in anxiety) ✅palpitations, sweating, rapid breathing

Potential causes of anxiety ✅traumatic events and stress
Genetic influences

What neurotransmitters are impacted to cause anxiety? ✅decreased GABA receptors
in amygdala and hippocampus (may be decrease in serotonin as well)

Anxiety mechanism ✅1) stress
2) norepinephrine inappropriately activates the NE system in locus coeruleus and an
imbalance between NE and other neurotransmitter systems (dopamine, glutamate,
cortisol releasing hormone)

Consolidation (anxiety) ✅occurs in amygdala, memories of fearful stimuli are stored

Re-consolidation (anxiety) ✅process by which an older memory is activated and
reinforced. When cues recall a fear memory, it becomes part of new experience, part of
long-term

Caudate nucleus (anxiety) ✅drives behavior based on recall of past successful
outcomes; if this area does not function well, recall is impaired and only negative
aspects are focused on

Amygdala (anxiety) ✅hyperactive or hyerresponsive in anxiety

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) ✅recurring unwanted thoughts, ideas, or
sensations (obsessions) that make them feel driven to do something repititively
(compulsions)

Neurotransmitters involved in OCD ✅reduction in serotonin, increased cortisol levels;
increased frontal lobe activity (guilt, intense affect, worry) and basal ganglia
abnormalities

, PET scans in OCD ✅higher metabolic rates in prefrontal cortex, leading to overactive
circuits

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) ✅state of excessive worrying that interferes with
daily function

What parts of the brain and neurotransmitters are involved in generalized anxiety
disorder (GAD)? ✅limbic system and midbrain involved; increased levels of
norepinephrine, decreased levels of GABA

Free floating anxiety (GAD) ✅involves typical cognitive symptoms of anxiety; anxiety
and worry are out of proportion to feared event; individual knows degree of anxiety is
abnormal which just increases it more

What behaviors are common in free floating anxiety (GAD)? ✅avoidance behaviors;
can evolve into OCD or phobic disorders

Cognitive symptoms of free-floating anxiety (GAD) ✅having trouble with memory,
concentration, and focus

PTSD and suicide ✅hyperresponsiveness of the amygdala occurs, contributing to
suicidal thoughts

PTSD mechanism ✅consolidation and re-consolidation heavily impacts:

1) initial traumatic event
2) beyond the "realm of normal human experience"
3) symptoms involves memory (flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, impaired memory),
cognition (difficulty concentrating), sleep disturbances, somatic problems

Panic disorder ✅sudden episodes of intense fear results in increased sympathetic
function; palpitations, sweating, feelings of unreality, avoidance of situation

What is considered a "fear-center" anxiety disorder? ✅panic disorder, episodes may
occur following a situation mind associates with negative consequences

Neurotransmitters involved in panic disorder ✅increase in circulating norepinephrine,
due to fight or flight response, decrease in GABA, increased glutamate

Trigger for panic disorder ✅caffeine

What kind of episodes are present in panic disorders? ✅discrete episodes which occur
without warning

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