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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NR 507FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
FatUSolubleUHormonesU-UANSWERUSteroids
WaterUSolubleUHormonesU-
UANSWERUNeedU2ndUMessengerUtoUtransportUacrossUphospholipidUmembranes
PituitaryUHormonesU-
UANSWERUTSH,UGH,UACTH,UFSH,ULH,UOxytocin,UADH,UMelanocyteUStimulatingUHormone
AnteriorUPituitaryU-
UANSWERUAcctUforU75%UofUtotalUweightUofUpituitaryUgland.UThreeUregions,UparsUdistalis,UpartsUtuberalis,Ua
ndUparsUintermedia.UParsUdistalisUisUmajorUcomponentUofUAnteriorUPituitaryUandUsourceUofUAnteriorUPituit
aryUHormones.
PosteriorUPituitaryU(neurohypophysis)U-
UANSWERUArisesUfromU3rdUventricleUofUbrain,UconsistsUofUthreeUparts,UmedianUeminence,UpituitaryUstalk,U
andUinfundibularUprocessU(parsUnervosaUorUneuralUtube).UMedianUeminenceUisUcomposedUmainlyUofUnerv
eUendingsUofUaxonsUthatUariseUprimarilyUfromUventralUhypothalamus.
HypothalamicUreleasingUHormonesUinUPosteriorUpituitary'sUmedianUeminence.U-
UANSWERUIncludesU10UhypothalamicUreleasingUhormonesUandUneurotransmittersUsuchUasUdopamine,Unor
epinephrine,Userotonin,Uacetylcholine,UandUhistamine.
PituitaryUstalkU-
UANSWERUcontainsUaxonsUofUneuronsUthatUoriginateUinUtheUsupraopticUandUparaventricularUnucleiUofUtheU
hypothalamus.
HormonesUofUposteriorUpituitaryU-UANSWERUADH,UandUOxytocinU(PeptideUHormones)
,ADHU(antidiureticUHormone)U-
UANSWERUMajorUhomeostaticUfunctionUofUposteriorUpituitaryUisUcontrolUofUplasmaUosmolality,UasUregulate
dUbyUADH
HypothalamicUhormonesUandUtargetUtissuesU(HypophysiotropicUhormones)U-
UANSWERUHORMONES:UThyrotropinUReleasingUHormoneU(TRH),UGonadotropoin-
releasingUhormoneU(GnRH),USomatostatin,UGrowthUhormone-releasingUhormoneU(GHRH),Ucorticotropin-
releasingUhormoneU(CRH),
SubstanceUP,UDopamine,UProlactin-releasingUfactor.
TARGETUTissue:UAnteriorUPituitary
SomatostatinU-UANSWERUInhibitsUreleaseUofUgrowthUhormoneUandUTSH
Gonadotropoin-releasingUhormoneU-UANSWERUStimulatesUreleaseUofUFSHUandULH
DopamineU-UANSWERUInhibitsUsynthesisUandUsecretionUofUprolactin
Prolactin-releasingUfactorU(PRF)U-UANSWERUStimulateUsecretionUofUprolactin
TropicUHormonesUofUAnteriorUPituitaryUandUtheirUfunctionU-UANSWERUACTH,UMelanocyte-
stimulatingUHormoneU(MSH,USomatotropicUhormones,UGH,Uprolactin,ULH,UTSH,UFSH,UglycoproteinUhormon
es
AdrenocorticotropicUhormoneU(ACTH)U-UANSWERUSECRETORYUCELLUTYPE:UCorticotropic
TARGETUORGANS:UAdrenalUGlandU(cortex)
FUNCTIONS:UIncreasedUsteroidogenesisU(cortisol,UandUandrogenicUhormones
Prolactin,U-UANSWERUMilkUproduction
TSHU-UANSWERUIncreasedUproductionUandUsecretionUofUthyroidUhormone
,LuteinizingUHormoneU(LH)U-UANSWERUOvulation,UprogesteroneUproductionU(inUglanulosaUcells)
FollicleUStimulatingUHormoneU(FSH)U-
UANSWERUFollicleUmaturation,UestrogenUproductionU(InUWomen:UGranulosaUCells,UInUMen:USertoliUCells)
B-LipotropinU-UANSWERUFatUbreakdownUandUreleaseUofUfattyUacidsU(Corticotropic,UfromUAdiposeUCells)
B-EndorphinsU-
UANSWERUAnalgesia;UmayUregulateUbodyUtemp,UfoodUandUwaterUintakeU(Corticotropic,UAdiposeUcells,Ubrai
nUopioidUreceptors)
ADHUfunctionsU-
UANSWERUHomeostasis,UcontrolUplasmaUosmolality.UActsUofUVasopressinU2U(V2)UreceptorsUofUrenalUtubular
UcellsUtoUincreaseUpermeabilityUwhichUleadsUtoUincreasedUwaterUreabsorptionUintoUtheUbloodUandUproduct
ionUofUmoreUconcentratedUurine,UtheseUmayUbeUinhibitedUbyUhypercalcemia,UprostaglandinUE,UandUhypok
alemia.
OsmoreceptorsU-UANSWERU
HighUlevelsUofUADHU-UANSWERUActsUonUVasopressinU1UreceptorsUcausingUvasoconstriction
ADHUsecretionUisUcontrolledUby:U-
UANSWERUosmoreceptorsUofUtheUhypothalamus.UStimulatedUbyUincreasedUplasmaUosmolality,UthenUADHUs
ecretionUisUincreased,UwaterUisUthenUreabsorbedUfromUtheUkidney,UandUplasmaUisUdilutedUtoUits'UsetpointU
osmolalityU(280UmOsm/kg).UADHUhasUanUindirectUaffectUonUelectrolyteUlevelsUdueUtoUincreasedUwaterUrea
bsorption.UElectrolytesUmayUdecrease.
ADHUsecretionUisUalsoUincreasedUbyUchangesUinUintravascularUvolumeUmonitoredUbyUmechanoreceptorsUin
UleftUatriumUandUcarotidUandUaorticUarches.UVolumeUlossUthroughUtraumaU(7%-
25%)UactsUonUreceptorsUtoUstimulateUADHUsecretion.
ADHUsecretionUdecreasedUwith:U-
UANSWERUDecreaseUinUplasmaUosmolality,UincreaseUinUintravascularUvolume,Uhypertension,UincreaseUinUes
trogen,Uprogesterone,UangiotensinUIIUlevels,UandUalcoholUingestion
, ADHU(givenUasUVasopressin)UmayUhelpUto:U-
UANSWERUIncreaseUBPUandUtoUachieveUhemostasisUduringUvolumeUlossUduringUshockUstates.
OxytocinU-
UANSWERUResponsibleUforUcontractionUofUuterusUandUmilkUejectionUinUlactation,UandUmayUeffectUspermUm
otilityUinUmen.UOxytocinUisUstimulatedUbyUsuckingUandUmechanicalUdistentionUofUfemaileUreproductionUtra
ct.UOxytocinUbindsUtoUmyoepithelialUcellsUinUmammaryUtissuesUandUcausesUtheUcontractionUofUthoseUcells.
U"letUdown"Ureflex
HormonesUofUAnteriorUPituitaryU-UANSWERUACTH,UMSH,ULH,UGH,UFSH,UandUTSH
AnteriorUPituitaryUcomposedUofUtwoUmainUcellUtypes:U-UANSWERUChromophobes,UandUchromophils
ChromophobesUappearUtoUbeUnon-
secretory,UandUChromophilsUareUsecretoryUcellsUofUtheUadenohypophysis.
ChromophilsUandUits'UsevenUsecretoryUcellUtypesU-UANSWERU
RegulationUofUanteriorUpituitaryUisUachievedUby:U-UANSWERUfeedbackUfromUhypothalamicUreleasing-
inhibitoryUhormonesUandUfactors,UandUfeedbackUfromUtargetUglandUhormonesU(cortisol,Uestrogen).
GrowthUHormoneUsecretionUisUcontrolledUbyU2UhormonesUfromUtheU__________________,U___________
___________andU________________U-UANSWERUhypothalamus,UGrowthUHormone-
releasingUhormoneU(GHRH)UwhichUreleases,UandUsomatostatinUwhichUinhibitsUGH.
GHUisUreleasedUbyUthe?U-
UANSWERUGHUisUreleasedUfromUtheUpituitaryUinUaUpulsatileUfashion,UandUoverallUsecretionUpeaksUduringUad
olescence.
GHUisUessentialUforUwhat?U-
UANSWERUGrowth,UeffectsUofUaging,Usleep,UnutritionalUstatus,Ustress,UandUreproductiveUhormones
AnabolicUfunctionsUofUGHUareUmediatedUby?U-UANSWERUpartiallyUbyUinsulin-
likeUgrowthUfactorsU(IGF's)UorUalsoUcalledUsomatomedins.
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