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BIO 1A03 Test 2 Review UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
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BIO 1A03 Test 2 Review UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers What is needed for prokaryote growth - CORRECT ANSWER- Nutrient-rich environment containing amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, nucleotides, favourable temperature housekeeping genes - CORRECT ANSWER- required all ...

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  • September 12, 2024
  • 20
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • bio 1a03 test 2 review i
  • bio 1a03 test 2 review
  • bio 1a03 test 2
  • bio 1a0
  • bio 1a03

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BIO 1A03 Test 2 Review UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
What is needed for prokaryote growth - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Nutrient-rich
environment containing amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, nucleotides, favourable
temperature


housekeeping genes - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔required all the time for vital functions
Constitutively expressed
includes structural proteins, ribosomal proteins, RNAP, DNAP
allow for constant maintenance


Regulated genes - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔turned on/off when needed
includes enzymes needed to channel growth/division


Beta-Glalactosidase - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔enzyme that metabolizes lactose into
glucose and galactose - cleaves the B1-4 linkage between them
produced by turning on B-galactosidase gene, only done when lactose is present without
glucose
works in cytoplasm


Levels of Regulation - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔transcriptional control
translational control
post translational control


transcriptional regulation - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔controls the amount of mRNA in the
cell
controls binding of proteins to the promotor regions to activate/inhibit transcription
slowest regulation - must still transcribe/translate after receive signal - cell starts from scratch
when certain protein is needed - often involved in more drastic environmental changes
- also most efficient - no energy/resources wasted

,translational control - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔may/may not be immediately translated in
prokaryotes, ribosome binds to Shine-Dalgarno sequence
amount of protein depends on translation rate/stability of mRNA


Post-translational control - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔many post-translational modifications
regulate whether the polypeptide is active/inactive
fastest regulation - allows for stockpile of inactive protein, which is activated as soon as the
signal is received


lactose permeate - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔transmembrane protein that allows for
transport of lactose into a bacterial cell


operon - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔groups of functionally related genes grouped to
transcription units along the bacterial chromosome
control expression of whole gene cluster as one unit


components of an operon - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔promoter, operator (on/off switch) and
coordinated gene cluster


operator - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔sequence of nucleotides near the start of the operon
that can be regulated to allow or inhibit transcription
- when nothing is bound to the operator, RNAP can attatch to the promoter and transcribe
genes in the operon


polycistronic - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔mRNA that can code for more than one
polypeptide - includes multiple genes in one
has many start/stop codons to show where the sequences start/stop


lac operon - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔controls lactose metabolism



regulatory sequences - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔promotor (binds RNAP complex)
operator (lac O)

, Lac O - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔binding site for repressor proteins that is expressed by the
lac I coding sequence


Main structural genes of lac operon - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔lac Y - codes for lactose
permease
lac Z - codes for B galactosidase


Lac I - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Lac Inducer
controls expression of lac Y, lac Z
codes for repressor protein that will bind to lac O site and block transcription
- because it blocks, this is negative transcription regulation
- repressor is constitutively expressed at low levels,


Repressor protein in lac operon - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔creates a DNA loop
tetrameric protein - 4 identical subunits that bind to operator regions in DNA
glucose facilitates constitutive expression of repressor protein


inducer molecule - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔eg lactose
binds to repressor, releasing it from the DNA
when operator not bound by transcription inhibitor, then RNAP can bind to the promoter and
transcribe the operon to produce both proteins


cAMP - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔cyclic AMP
low glucose leads to high cAMP levels in cell - +ve regulation
binds to cAMP receptor protein/catabolyte activator protein, which in turn is able to bind to
the CRP-cAMP binding site - activates transcription of the operon


How glucose regulates cAMP levels - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔regulates adenylyl cyclase
activity - stops creation of cAMP from Atp and adenylyl cyclase

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