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Summary Complete revision notes for EDEXCEL international GCSE (9-1) Chemistry - Fuel and hydrocarbons

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Course
Chemistry

Institution
11th Grade

The complete lesson notes provide the knowledge on fuel, alkane, alkene and practical skills of the lesson for international GCSE (9-1) specification .

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Uploaded on September 14, 2024
Number of pages 16
Written in 2024/2025
Type Summary

Institution Secondary school
Education 11th Grade
Course Chemistry
School year 5

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Complete Chemistry revision notes for Edexcel International GCSE(9-1) – New specification

Hydrocarbons
• Crude oil as a fossil fuels
• Fractional distillation
• Separation of factions and uses
• Cracking hydrocarbons
• Combustion of fossil fuel
• Environmental hazards by combustion of fossil fuel
• Alternatives for fossil fuels
• Alkanes
• Alkenes

Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are chemical compounds that contain exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
The hydrocarbons are naturally-occurring compounds and form the basis of crude oil, natural gas, coal,
and other important energy sources.

The hydrocarbons are obtained from the crude oil ( fossil fuel) by a process known as fractional
distillation.

Crude oil
Crude oil is a mixture of many hydrocarbons .
The crude oil is made of organisms ( mainly plankton) in the sea that lived and died millions of years
ago . They were buried in layer of mud in the bottom of the sea and due to the temperature and
pressure , the crude oil was formed .
Crude oil( petroleum) is a finite resource, are found about 3 or 4 kilometres below the Earth’s crust.
To get at the crude oil, a hole is bored in the sea bed. Then the oil is pumped up through it.

The crude oil is carried ashore, to an oil refinery for fractional distillation to separate the hydrocarbon
fractions.
The hydrocarbons in the crude oil are separated by the process known as fractional distillation.

The fractions are refined and cracked further to manufacture simple important hydrocarbons for the
petrochemical industry.

The Crude oil provides fuels such as petrol, kerosene, fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The
fractions which are separated used as feedstock( raw material) in manufacturing detergents, plastics ,
synthetic rubber , solvents and lubricants.

,Complete Chemistry revision notes for Edexcel International GCSE(9-1) – New specification

The fractional distillation of crude oil

Fractional distillation is a processes of separating crude oil into fractions.
A fraction is a group of hydrocarbons within a specific range of boiling points and compounds with
range of carbon atoms.

The crude oil is passed through the fractionating column after they are heated up about 350 oc ( to
4500c. ). The heated crude oil enters a tall fractionating column in the form of vapours. They rise
through the column and cools at the top. This process is known as the fractional distillation(refining).

So the fraction of hydrocarbons have their physical properties and show a gradient down the
fractionating tower. Each fraction condenses at different points (chambers) at the column and they are
piped away to separate further for each hydrocarbons.

The smallest hydrocarbon fraction( C1 to C4) which has low boiling points and lower molecular mass
leaves from the top of the column as gases. The hydrocarbon fraction which has highest boiling points
and highest molecular weigh leaves at the bottom of the column as thick liquid ( know as bitumen).

The following diagram shows the fraction of hydrocarbons with range of carbon and their uses.

Properties of fractions
The fractions have similar (but not identical) numbers of hydrogen and carbon atoms in their
molecules, boiling points, ease of ignition and viscosity. The fraction of hydrocarbons with one to four
carbon atoms has boiling points below room temperature. They are very flammable and have low
viscosity. The properties of hydrocarbon fraction changes running down the fractionating column.

, Complete Chemistry revision notes for Edexcel International GCSE(9-1) – New specification

The bitumen fraction which is separated at the bottom has the boiling point above the temperature ,
high viscosity , higher molecular mass, difficult to ignite and dark in colour.

The trend of physical properties changes down the fractionating column.

Viscosity: Viscosity refers to the less ease of flow of a liquid. If the number of carbon atoms in a
hydrocarbon molecules increases, the attraction between the hydrocarbon molecules also increases
which results the liquid become more viscous with the increasing length of the chain of hydrocarbon.
The liquid flow less easily with the increasing molecular mass. That means the hydrocarbons become
more viscous when the molecular mass is high.

Melting point/ Boiling point: As the molecules get larger due to increasing the number of carbon
atoms , the intermolecular attraction among molecules becomes greater. So more heat is needed to
separate the molecules which results increasing the molecular size, increases the boiling point.

Volatility: Volatility means the state of changing physical state liquid to gas. With the increasing
molecular size, the hydrocarbon liquids become less volatile. As the attraction between the molecules
increases with the increasing molecular size and molecular mass increases.

Flammability: The small hydrocarbons burn easily. The bigger the molecular size, the less flammable
the hydrocarbons are due to strong intermolecular forces among them.

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