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PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024

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PSYC 387

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Athabasca University (AU )

Who originally said that change is the only constant? -answer-Roman philosopher Lucretius 2,000 years ago When was Darwins Origin of Species written? -answer-1859 Describe Darwin's theory of natural selection. -answer-There is, he argued, tremendous variation among the members of any given s...

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PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024

PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca
University Exam Questions and Answers
2024
Who originally said that change is the only constant? -answer-✔✔Roman
philosopher Lucretius 2,000 years ago

When was Darwins Origin of Species written? -answer-✔✔1859

Describe Darwin's theory of natural selection. -answer-✔✔There is, he argued,
tremendous variation among the members of any given species.

Some of these variations are well suited to current conditions; others are not.
Individuals with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce, so
succeeding generations are more likely to show helpful characteristics. Thus,
features that contribute to survival are "selected" by the environment, a process
Darwin called natural selection.

Was Darwin aware of the genetic basis for evolution by natural selection? -answer-
✔✔no

Who was the first person to understand the role of genetics? -answer-✔✔Gregor
Mendel (father of genetics) published his work in 1866.

Although Darwin did not understand the genetic basis for evolution, he was aware
that _____ (2 things) -answer-✔✔variation within a species was common

selective breeding of farm animals with a specific variation often resulted in
offspring with that characteristic.

What did Dawkin's pebbly beach analogy illustrate about natural selection? -
answer-✔✔pebbles arrange themselves based on the flow of water and density and
size of the rocks.

Intelligent direction isn't required. The environment "selects" desirable
characteristics and spurns undesirable ones.

,PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024

What are mutations? -answer-✔✔Abrupt changes in genes.

What can cause a mutation? -answer-✔✔Can be caused by exposure to radiation
and certain chemicals and perhaps by viral infections.

In what case will mutation be passed on to the next generation? -answer-✔✔when
mutations occur in genes of reproductive cells (sperm or ova)

Can mutations occur in any cell of the body? -answer-✔✔yes

Will offspring with mutated genes necessarily display the mutation? -answer-
✔✔no

Are mutations always detrimental to survival? -answer-✔✔Many of these changes
are simply of no consequence, one way or the other

Occasionally can be useful to survival. (new horn mutation useful for defense)

What is a reflex? -answer-✔✔A reflex is a relationship between a specific event
and a simple response to that event. A reflex is a relationship between certain kinds
of events.

Give an example of a reflex. -answer-✔✔Food in the mouth elicits the salivary
reflex, the flow of saliva that begins the process of digestion.

What is reflex failure? When can it occur? -answer-✔✔Reflex failure is when a
reflex fails to function properly.

This can happen as a result of:
-allergic reaction to medication
-injury or disease.
-excessive alcohol or other drugs that depress the central nervous system.

Reflexes are highly ___________ -answer-✔✔stereotypic

that is, they are remarkably consistent in form, frequency, strength, and time of
appearance during development.

,PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024

What is sensitization? Give an example. -answer-✔✔Eliciting a reflex response
can increase the intensity or probability of the response to stimuli.

Hearing a loud noise that makes you jump can make you more sensitive to noises
that arent as loud.

What happened when Kelly Powell and Stephen Holtzman (2001) gave rats
morphine for one to four days and then tested their reaction to the drug after a
period of abstinence? -answer-✔✔The rats showed an increased response to
morphine (i.e., sensitization) for up to three months after their last dose.

What is habituation? Give an example. -answer-✔✔Repeatedly evoking a given
reflex response will result in a reduction in the intensity or probability of the
response.

Cats slowly become used to a loud noise when exposed to it multiple times.

Define a FAP. Give an example. -answer-✔✔A series of interrelated acts found in
all or nearly all members of a species.

When confronted by a threatening dog, the house cat arches its back, hisses,
growls, and flicks its tail. These acts make the cat appear larger and more
formidable than it really is and may therefore serve to put off an attacker.

What were FAP called in the past? -answer-✔✔Instincts

What is a releaser? -answer-✔✔An event that triggers a fixed action pattern.

red is a releaser for the stickleback fish.

What did Wilson claim were humans FAP? -answer-✔✔Biophelia and aversion to
incest

Define a general behavior trait. -answer-✔✔Include activity level, aggression,
introversion, anxiety, hoarding (of food, for example), and sexual practices, among
others. Some behavior traits are strongly influenced by genes.

, PSYC 387 Final Prep Athabasca University Exam Questions and Answers 2024

How do FAPs and behavior traits differ? -answer-✔✔FAP are elicited by fairly
specific events (releasers). Behavior traits occur in a wide variety of situations.

Do behavior traits have a genetic influence? -answer-✔✔yes even though they are
more variable. Dog like traits in foxes were bred through a number of generations.

Define learning. -answer-✔✔Learning is a change in behavior due to experience.

Learning is a product of natural selection.

evolved modifiability -answer-✔✔Learning does not give the species the tendency
to behave a certain way in a new situation; rather, it gives the individual the
tendency to modify its behavior to suit that situation.

Russell's views about human superiority over other species. -answer-✔✔One by
one, the characteristics that we have held to be uniquely human have been found in
other species.

Perhaps the only uniquely human characteristic is this: So far as we know, we are
the only creature that spends time trying to prove its superiority over other
creatures.

Betty Hart and Todd did a longitudinal study of the verbal environment provided
by parents with different educational backgrounds. . What did they find? -answer-
✔✔Those children whose parents talked to them a lot (providing lengthy
explanations and lots of positive feedback, for example) later scored higher on
intelligence and vocabulary tests than those children whose parents were more
reticent.

How long has Learning been the subject of scientific analysis? -answer-✔✔about
100 years

What is constructivism? -answer-✔✔There is a school of thought, popular in
university social science departments and in colleges of education, that says the
scientific method that has served the world so well for 400 years is now outmoded,
that science is just a debate about an unknowable reality.

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