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Midterm 1 - PNB 2XB3 Questions And Answers Rated A+ New Update Assured Satisfaction
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Astrocytes - ️️glial, maintain ionic environment Lumbar - ️️hips and legs Tetrodoxin (TTX) - ️️- found in puffer fish ovaries - one could kill 30 adult humans - causes death via paralysis of respiratory muscles - fish has TTX resistant Na channels - irreversibly blocks channel De...

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  • September 17, 2024
  • 18
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • pnb 2xb3

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  • PNB 2XB3
  • PNB 2XB3

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Midterm 1 - PNB 2XB3
Astrocytes - ✔️✔️glial, maintain ionic environment

Lumbar - ✔️✔️hips and legs

Tetrodoxin (TTX) - ✔️✔️- found in puffer fish ovaries
- one could kill 30 adult humans
- causes death via paralysis of respiratory muscles
- fish has TTX resistant Na channels
- irreversibly blocks channel


Dermatomes - ✔️✔️spinal nerves innervate sections of the skin, message from certain
section of skin is sent to certain section of spine
- skin corresponds to spin
1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral



Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - ✔️✔️All parts not within bone (peripheral nerves)

Brainstem - ✔️✔️midbrain (lowest), pons (middle), medulla (top)

Cervical - ✔️✔️shoulders and head

Thoracic - ✔️✔️chest, inner arms

Sacral - ✔️✔️back of legs, and groin

How are neurons similar/different to other cells - ✔️✔️similar: enclosed by lipid bilayer
and contain organelles
different: unique morphology of dendrites and axons and electrically excitable

Dendrites - ✔️✔️- receives signals from other neuron (input)

Axons - ✔️✔️- Send signals to other neurons (outputs)
- Action potential is produced at the start of the axon, neurotransmitters are released to
other neurons

,Cortical pyramidal cell - ✔️✔️long axons and dendrites, make up 70% of neurons in
cortex, glutamatergic, projections travel long distance

Cerebellar purkinje cell - ✔️✔️many branching axons

Glial cells - ✔️✔️- 3x more glial cells than neurons
- support cells with varying morphology
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocyte
- microglia

Oligodendrocyte - ✔️✔️glial, myelinate neurons

microglia - ✔️✔️glial, scavenge cellular debris

Dorsal (brain) - ✔️✔️Top

Dorsal (spine) - ✔️✔️back

Ventral (spine) - ✔️✔️stomach

Rostral (brain) - ✔️✔️Front

Rostral (spine) - ✔️✔️top

Caudal (brain) - ✔️✔️back

Caudal (spine) - ✔️✔️bottom

Neuroaxis positional terms - ✔️✔️nervous system bends at the brain

Midline - ✔️✔️line separating left and right

Contralateral - ✔️✔️opposite side

Decussate - ✔️✔️Cross midline

proximal - ✔️✔️close to point of reference

distal - ✔️✔️far from point of reference

medial - ✔️✔️near midline

, lateral - ✔️✔️far from midline

Ventral (brain) - ✔️✔️bottom

Ipsilateral - ✔️✔️same side

efferent - ✔️✔️projecting away from reference (away from the brain to the body, motor)

afferent - ✔️✔️projecting towards reference (body towards the brain, sensory)

Planes of sections - ✔️✔️- Coronal (left to right)
- Sagittal (front to back)
- Horizontal

Brain symmetry - ✔️✔️- the brain is symmetric
- left and right sides are similar
- bilateral symmetry (2 dorsal horns, 2 ventral horns)

Localization of function - ✔️✔️different parts of the brain have different functions,
remains constant between species

Sulcus - ✔️✔️Groove in persons brain

Gyrus - ✔️✔️a bump on persons brain

Broca's area - ✔️✔️Frontal lobe

Wernicke's area - ✔️✔️Temporal lobe

Cerebral cortex folding - ✔️✔️increased folding with sulci and gyri increases surface
area , increased surface area = increased intelligence

Nissl stain - ✔️✔️classic technique, way of seeing individual cell bodies under a
microscope, uses basic dyes to stain endoplasmic reticulum

Brodmann's areas - ✔️✔️found different areas of brain had distinct cytoarchitecture
using nissl stain, neocortex has 6 layers due to different densities

Important broadmans areas - ✔️✔️Area 17 - visual cortex
Area 3, 2, 1 - somatosensory
Area 4 - motor cortical area
Area 41, 42 - auditory
Each area has similar density

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