Class notes

Chapter 6 - Bones

29 views 0 purchase

Course
HLSC 120 - Anatomy (HLSC120)

Institution
University Of Alberta (UofA)

These notes in Anatomy were used during my 1st year in nursing school and greatly helped me become the Registered Psychiatric Nurse that I am today! :D

[Show more]

Preview 2 out of 5 pages

View example

Uploaded on December 11, 2019
Number of pages 5
Written in 2018/2019
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Unknown
Contains All classes

CA$15.14

Added

Add to cart Add to wishlist

100% satisfaction guarantee
Immediately available after payment
Both online and in PDF
No strings attached

HLSC120 – Human Anatomy
Chapter 6: Bones

Skeleton – supporting framework for the soft tissues of the body  Interstitial growth – declines rapidly as the cartilage matures bec the matrix is
Skeletal system – composed of dynamic living tissues; interacts w/ all of the other no longer able to expand
organ systems; continually rebuilds and remodels itself; includes bones, cartilage, 1. chondrocytes w/n the lacunae divide to form 2 chondroblasts
ligaments, connective tissues that stabilize or connect the bones 2. cells grow, begin to produce new matrix and push apart from each
CARTILAGE other forming 2 new chondrocytes
semi-rigid, connective tissue found throughout the human body; weaker than bone,  Appositional growth – where further growth occurs later on
but more flexible and resilient; contains cells that are scattered throughout an 1. cartilage grows through the division of stem cells at the internal edge
abundant matrix of protein fibers embedded w/n a gel-like ground substance; of the perichondrium
avascular 2. differentiation of committed cells into chondroblasts results in the
Chondroblasts – cells that produce the matrix of cartilage formation of new cartilage matrix and the differentiation of these cells
Chondrocytes – cartilage cells; secreted by the chondroblasts into chondrocytes w/n the inner layer of the perichondrium
Lacunae – small spaces occupied by the chondrocytes BONE
Functions: support our weight and interact with muscles to produce precisely controlled
 Support soft tissues – C- shaped hyaline cartilage rings for trachea support; movements; complex, dynamic organs composed of all tissue types:
flexible cartilage supports the auricle of the ear  Bone connective tissue – osseous connective tissue; primary component;
 Provides a gliding surface at articulations/joints where 2 bones meet matrix is sturdy and rigid due to calcification
 Provides a model for the formation of most of the bones in the body; cartilage Calcification – mineralization; deposition of minerals in the matrix
serves as a rough draft that is later replaced by bone tissue  Connective tissue proper – periosteum
Types of Cartilage:  Cartilage connective tissue – articular cartilage
 Hyaline – most abundant; found in trachea, larynx, articular (joint) cartilage on  Smooth muscle tissue – forming the walls of blood vessels that supply bone
bones, epiphyseal plates, and the fetal skeleton; provides support through  Fluid connective tissue – blood
flexibility and resilience; translucent appearance; surrounded by perichondrium  Epithelial tissue – lining of the blood vessels
Perichondrium – dense connective tissue covering of hyaline cartilage  Nervous tissue – nerves that supply bone
 Fibrocartilage – has extracellular matrix w/ numerous thick collagen fibers that Functions:
help resist both tensile (stretching) and compressional (compaction) forces; can  Support and protection
act as a shock absorber; located in intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee,  Movement
pubic symphysis; lacks a perichondrium bec stress applied at the surface of the  Hemopoiesis – process of blood cell production
fibrocartilage would quickly destroy this later Red bone marrow – a connective tissue where blood cells are
 Elastic – contains elastin w/n its extracellular matrix; found in auricle of the produced; located in some spongy bone; contains stem cells that form
external ear, external auditory canal, epiglottis all of the blood cell types; found in adults’ flat bones of the skull,
Elastin – highly branched elastic fibers vertebrae, ribs, sternum (breastbone), ossa coxae (hip bones),
Growth patterns of cartilage – once the cartilage is fully mature, new cartilage proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur
growth typically stops entirely, from this point on, cartilage growht usually occurs Yellow bone marrow – when the red bone marrow degenerates and
only after injury to the cartilage turns into a fatty tissue; located in shafts of long bones
 Storage of mineral and energy reserves

, Calcium – essential for muscle contraction, blood clotting and nerve o periosteum – tough sheath; covers the outer surface of the bone w/
impulse transmission the exception of areas covered by articular cartilagee; made of dense
Phosphate – needed for ATP utilization irregular connective tissue; consists of an outer fibrous layer and an
Classification of Bones: inner cellular layer; isolates and protects the bone from surrounding
 Long bones – have greater length than width; elongated, cylindrical shaft structures, anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the
(diaphysis) has distinct ends (epiphyses); found in the upper limb (arm, bone; provides stem cells (osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts) for
forearm, palm, fingers) and longer limb (thigh, leg, sole of the foot, toes); most bone width growth and fracture repair; anchored to the bone by
common type; serve as a useful model of bone structure; perforating fibers
2 types: perforating fibers – tough collagen fibers; run perpendicular
o femur – thigh bone to the bone shaft
o humerus – arm bone  Short bones – have a length nearly equal to their width; external surfaces are
Parts: covered by compact bone and interior are covered by spongy bone; examples
o diaphysis – principal gross feature; shaft; elongated, usually cylindrical; are carpals (wrist bones) and tarsals (bones in the foot), sesamoid bones (tiny,
provides for the leverage of a long bone seed-shaped bones along the tendons of some muscles), patella (kneecap,
medullary cavity – hollow, cylindrical space w/n the diaphysis; largest sesamoid bone)
in adults, contains yellow bone marrow; often referred to as  Flat bones – have a flat, thin surface; composed of roughly parallel surfaces of
marrow cavity compact bone w/ a layer of internally placed spongy bone; provide extensive
o epiphysis – located at each end of along bone; expanded, knobby surfaces for muscle attachment; protect underlying soft tissues; form the roof
region; enlarged to strengthen the joint; provide added surface area of the skull, scapulae (shoulder blades); sternum (breastbone), ribs
for tendon and ligament attachment; composed of an outer layer of  Irregular bones – have elaborate, complex shapes; vertebrae and several bones
compact bone and inner layer of spongy bone in the skull (ethmoid and sphenoid bones) are examples of it
proximal epiphysis – end of the bone closest to the body Cells of bone:
trunk  Osteoprogenitor cells – stem cells derived from mesenchyme; when they
distal epiphysis – end farthest from the trunk divide, they produce another stem cell and a committed cell that matures to
o metaphysis – region in a mature bone sandwiched b/w the diaphysis become an osteoblast; located w/n both the periosteum and endosteum
and the epiphysis  Osteoblasts – formed from osteoprogenitor cells; exhibit a cuboidal structure;
epiphyseal (growth) plate – contained in the metaphysis; thin secrete osteoid; produce new bone; when entrapped in the matrix, they
layers of hyalne cartilage that provide for the continued produce and secrete and differentiate into osteocytes
lengthwise growth of the diaphysis Osteoid – initial semisolid form of bone matrix; calcifies as a result of
epiphyseal line – remnant of the epiphyseal plate; thin, calcium deposition
defined area of the compact bone  Osteocytes – mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that have become
o articular cartilage – thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the entrapped in the matrix they secreted; reside in small spaces w/n the matrix
epiphysis at a join surface; helps reduce friction, absorb shock in (lacunae); maintain the bone matrix; detect mechanical stress on a bone; this
moveable joints info is communicated to osteoblasts and may result in the deposition of new
o endosteum – an incomplete cellular membrane that covers all internal bone matrix at the surface
surfaces of the bone such as the medullary cavity; contains  Osteoclasts – large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells; derived from bone marrow
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts; active during bone cells; exhibit a ruffled border where they contact the bone w/c increases their
growth, repair, and remodeling surface area exposure to the bone; located w/n or adjacent to

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller gaddielmatira. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for CA$15.14. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

64438 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling