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ASU Bio 340 Exam 1 2024 Questions and Answers Verified Solutions 2024/2025 Complete 100% Correct
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ASU BIO 340 Exam 1.pdf file:///C:/Users/HP/Desktop/New%20Conver/ASU%20BIO%20340ASU BIO 340 Exam 1
1. selective breeding (artificial selection): the process of developing organisms with specific
characteristics as chosen by the breeders
2. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884): Amateur botanist who published an explanation of hereditary
transmission in plants in 1866. Known for his pea-plant experiments and commonly referred to
as the "father of genetics"
3. modern genetics: the study of heredity and the variation of inherited character- istics
4. bacterial transforming principle: an experiment proposed by Frederick Griffith in 1928
which suggested that a "transforming principle" from a heat-killed virulent Pneumococcus
strain can transform a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.
5. Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944): biological researchers who identified DNA as the likely
transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.
6. Hershey and Chase (1952): concluded that the genetic material of the bacterio- phage was
DNA, not protein.
7. Edwin Chargaff: Austrian biochemist who discovered that identical quantities of A and T, C
and G were present in DNA (developed the complementary base-pairing rule for DNA).
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8. Frederick Griffith (1928): British bacteriologist; the first person to show that hereditary
information could be transferred from one cell to another horizontally rather than vertically
9. genome: the complete set of genetic information carried by a species
10. vertical transmission: gene transmission between organisms without parental
reproduction
11. horizontal transmission: gene transmission from parents to their offspring through
reproduction (aka person-to-person)
12. DNA replication: the process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
13. transcription: synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
14. mRNA (messenger RNA): a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information
to make a protein
15. hereditary material: the information which is passed from one cellular genera- tion to the
next (encoded in DNA in humans).
16. Pauling and Corey (1951): biological researchers who provided the basis for research on
DNA structure (proposed an alpha helix model as a structure for nucleic acid)
17. Watson and Crick (1953): the two scientists who discovered the structure and shape of
DNA
18. nucleotide: a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a
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nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
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19. genes: DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary
transmission.
20. chromosomes: a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of
most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
21. nucleoid: a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
22. diploid: containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n)
23. haploid: an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (n)
24. gametes: human sex cells containing one set of 23 chromosomes
25. homologous chromosomes: matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid or- ganism
26. Chargaff's Rule: A=T and C=G
27. locus: position of a gene on a chromosome
28. Meselson and Stahl (1958): Bacterial cells were grown in a heavy isotope of nitrogen,
15N
All the DNA incorporated 15N
Cells were switched to media containing lighter 14N
DNA was extracted from the cells at various time intervals
29. central dogma: theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to
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