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NDT EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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NDT EXAM QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS
NDT is referred to as what - ANSWER Bobath approach
Bc it was developed by Berta and Karel Bobath
What is the MAIN assumption of NDT - ANSWER it is impossible to
superimpose normal movement patterns over abnormal patterns
NDT is one of the most commonly used treatment approaches in OT for
treatment in what - ANSWER -children with neurological deficits
-adults with hemiplegia and tbi
What are all of the assumptions of NDT - ANSWER *Model of motor
control
Originally assumed the hierarchical organization of CNS*
Continues to view the CNS as important for movement, but has also
adopted the view that movement is a result of multiple interacting
processes.
*CNS damage results in motor dysfunction*
-Development of abnormal tone and movement
-Loss of effective movement responses
Normal movement can not be superimposed on abnormal movements
*Function improved through use of effective movement patterns*
-Handling: - manual hands on interventions designed to change muscle
tone and normalize the quality of the pateint's movements. Handling is
used for inhibition and facilitiation
-Key points of control
-Inhibition/facilitation
NDT looked at what kind of system - ANSWER *Looked at hierarchical
system*
,Hierarchical - spinal cord - brainstem- cortical
Cephalo-caudal, proximal - distal, gross to fine
what are associated reactions - ANSWER involuntary and nonfunctional
changes in limb position and muscle tone associated with difficult or
stressful activities
facilitation vs inhibition - ANSWER Facilitation: manual techniques and
other processes including tactile and verbal feedback used to help the
patient achieve a more normal quality of movement
Inhibition: manual techniques and positions used to decrease or
eliminate the effects of spasticity and/or abnormal reflex activity
Flaccidity
Increased tone
Severe tone - ANSWER Flaccidity: no movement
Increased tone: abnormal patterns
Severe tone: posturing
Distributed model of control - ANSWER Lesion can result in:
-Abnormal tone
-Disturbed synergistic organization
-Weakness
-Perceptual deficits
-Impaired sensation
-Dec ROM
-Balance deficits
Systems model of motor control - ANSWER Looks at multiple interacting
processes
Task goals in the center of:
-environmental systems
-comparing systems
-sensorimotor systems
-musculoskeletal systems
-commanding systems
, -regulation systems
Motor impairments result in what - ANSWER movement dysfunction
Positive signs vs negative signs - ANSWER *Positive Signs*
Spasticity: lack of control from descending tracts
-Impaired muscle activation
-Impaired motor execution
*Negative Signs*
Weakness -Insufficient Force Generation
Impaired anticipatory postural Control
Hypokinesia -poverty of Movement
Loss of Fractionated or Dissociated Movements
What is spasticity - ANSWER "an upper motor neuron disorder that is
characterized by velocity-dependent increases in tonic stretch reflexes
with exaggerated tendon jerks and clonus resulting from
*hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex*"
What kind of input does spasticity have - ANSWER *enhanced excitatory
input*
*Reduced inhibitory input because of impaired descending pathways*
What are the steps to the knee jerk reflex - ANSWER 1. afferent
impulses from stretch receptor to spinal cord
2. efferent impulses to alpha motor neurons cause contraction of the
stretched muscle that resists/reverse the stretch
3. efferent impulses to antagonist muscles are dampled (reciprocal
inhibition)
Early vs recent research on spasticity - ANSWER In early NDT research
spasticity was thought to be the primary impairment creating movement
dysfunction
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