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PATH 1000 UNIT 8-12 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
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PATH 1000 UNIT 8-12 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECTPATH 1000 UNIT 8-12 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECTPATH 1000 UNIT 8-12 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECTPATH 1000 UNIT 8-12 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% CORRECT Pulmonary Disease - ANSWER - - S/S = dyspnea (orthopn...

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  • September 26, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • path 1000 unit 8 12 review questions and answers 1
  • path 1000 unit 8 12 review questions and answers
  • pulmonary disease answer ss dyspnea ort

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PATH 1000 UNIT 8-12 REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT
Pulmonary Disease - ANSWER - - S/S = dyspnea (orthopnea/paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea), cough, hemoptysis, abnormal breathing patterns, hypo/hyper ventilation,
cyanosis, clubbing, pain


Dysnpea - ANSWER - breathing discomfort with an attempt to increase respiratory
effort


- Three Severe Signs of Dyspnea:
1. Flaring of nostrils
2. Use of accessory muscles
3. Retraction of intercostal spaces


Orthopnea - ANSWER - SOB that occurs when laying flat


Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea - ANSWER - severe SOB and coughing at night


Kassmaul's Respirations (Hyperpnea) - ANSWER - increased respirations with large
tidal volume and no expiratory pause (associated with respiratory acidosis)


Cheyne-Stoke's Respirations - ANSWER - periods of deep/faster breathing
(hyperventilation) followed by a gradual stop (apnea)


Labored Breathing - ANSWER - increased work of breathing


- Occurs with obstructed airways
- Stridor or wheezing

,Restricted Breathing - ANSWER - prevent lung from fully expanding with air due to
stiffen lungs/chest wall


- Tachypnea and small tidal volumes


What is the goal of ventilation? - ANSWER - - Maintain an optimal pH through
release of CO2
- Hypoventilation à hypercapnia à acidosis
- Hyperventilation à hypocapnia à alkalosis


Hypoxemia - ANSWER - decreased oxygen of arterial blood presenting as central
cyanosis


- Impairs alveolocapillary membrane diffusion
- Causes:

· Decreased inspired O2 (high altitude)

· Hypoventilation from lack of neurological stimulation (drug overdose)

· Respiratory diseases (COPD)

· Pulmonary edema & fibrosis


Hypoxia - ANSWER - decreased oxygen in cells of tissues presenting as peripheral
cyanosis


Respiratory Failure - ANSWER - inadequate gas exchange resulting in low O2/pH and
high CO2


- Causes can be direct or indirect injury


Restrictive Disorders - ANSWER - decreased lung compliance requiring more effort
to expand lungs during inspiration resulting of V/Q mismatch - hypoxemia

,Aspiration - ANSWER - food or fluid in the right lower lobe of the lungs


- Clinical Manifestations:

· Sudden onset of choking

· Coughing with/without vomiting

· Dyspnea

· Wheezing



Bronchiectasis - ANSWER - persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi associated
with bronchial inflammation
- Chronic inflammation causes destruction of bronchial walls & permanent dilation
- Airway damage leads to bronchospasms & increased purulent mucous
- Hemoptysis, clubbing of fingers and cor pulmonale occurs


Bronchiolitis - ANSWER - diffuse inflammatory obstruction of bronchioles


- Common in children
- Linked to a viral infection of upper/lower airways (adults)
- S/S = increased respirations, use of accessory muscles, fever, dry non-productive
cough
- Can lead to a hyper-inflated chest and hypoxemia


Atelectasis - ANSWER - collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) which affects gas exchange
- S/S = dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis
- Compression - external pressure on lungs from tumors, fluid, air or abdominal
distention
- Absorption - removal of air from obstructed/hypoventilation alveoli or from
inhalation of anesthetics/concentrated oxygen
- Surfactant Impairment - decreased production or inactivation of surfactant à lung
collapse

, Pulmonary Fibrosis - ANSWER - excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in
the lung


- May be due to inhalation of toxic gases or dusts & autoimmune disorders
- More common in men (over 60 years)


Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis - ANSWER - fibrotic process results in chronic
inflammation & alveolar epithelialization


- Loss of lung compliance à lung stiffens up
- Decreased diffusion across alveolocapillary membrane à hypoxemia with
hyperventilation & hypercapnia


Pulmonary Edema - ANSWER - abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli


- Cause:

· Left-sided heart failure

· Capillary injury à increased capillary permeability

· Obstruction of lymphatic system

- Clinical Manifestations:

· Dyspnea

· Hypoxemia

· Inspiratory crackles

· If severe = frothy pink sputum, hypoventilation, hypercapnia



Acute Respiratory Distress Syndorme (ARDS) - ANSWER - fluid leaks into the lungs
resulting in difficulty/impossible breathing (MEDICAL EMERGENCY)


- Result in severe hypoxemia and decreased lung compliance in both lungs
- Clinical Manifestations:

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