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Geoscience Exam 1 PSU || All Questions Answered Correctly.
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What are the key aspects of scientific thinking? correct answers Empiricism (data and observations) Rationalism (logical reasoning) Skepticism (question everything) What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? correct answers Hypothesis: proposed relationship about the world that ...

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  • September 26, 2024
  • 4
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • what are the key aspects of scientific thinking

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Geoscience Exam 1 PSU || All Questions Answered Correctly.
What are the key aspects of scientific thinking? correct answers Empiricism (data and
observations)
Rationalism (logical reasoning)
Skepticism (question everything)

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? correct answers Hypothesis: proposed
relationship about the world that can be TESTED and VERIFIED/DISPROVED by additional
data and experiments

Theory: statement that explains observations (if a hypothesis consistently is shown to explain
observations, it becomes a theory

How are data, observations and experiments used in science? correct answers Science is iterative
- back and forth from hypothesis, to data, to experiments, to new hypothesis, and on and on

When did the Big Bang occur? correct answers 13.7 billion years ago

What happened during the Big Bang? correct answers the hypothetical event that started the
expansion of the universe from a geometric point; the beginning of time

What elements were created during the Big Bang, during solar fusion, and during supernova
explosions? What is the relative abundance of these elements in the Universe? correct answers
Big Bang: Hydrogen and Helium
Solar Fusion: Elements as heavy as Iron
Supernova Explosions: Gold, Mercury, Uranium

Relative abundance of these elements cable of making planets, oceans, life, etc.

Lifecycle of Stars correct answers 1. Start out as nebulae, diffuse clouds of dust and gas
2. Nebulae collapse under gravity (gravitational potential energy --> kinetic/thermal energy)
3. Collapse leads to high temperatures (and pressure) --> nuclear fusion (elements melded
together to make bigger, heavier elements from lighter ones)
4. Nuclear fusion releases loads of energy --> balances out gravitational collapse and encourages
more fusion (star is no longer shrinking from gravitational collapse; quasi-stable)
5. H gets covered into elements as heavy as Carbon or Oxygen (for our sun; up to Iron for
smaller stars)
6. Once there's enough heavy stuff around, it becomes more difficult to "fuse" elements together,
so fusion slows and star collapses under gravity
7. With continued collapse, remaining energy of sun is so concentrated that it leads to a
supernova explosion
8. Supernovas have enough energy to smash even heavier stuff together and make elements like
Gold (Au), Mercury (Hg), and Uranium (U), etc.

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