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Chem&219 Unit 4 Exam Questions And Verified Detailed Answers
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Chem&219 Unit 4 Exam Questions And VerifiedDetailed Answers
Name the four halogen elements. -Answer F, Cl, Br, I
organohalide compounds -Answer Organic molecules containing halogen atoms (F, Cl,
Br, I)
Examples of how organohalide compounds are used by humans -Answer - have been
found in marine life (algae, mollusks, sponges, etc.), bc they metabolize the high
concentrations of inorganic chlorides and bromides that are found in the seas.
- These are industrially used as solvents, insecticides, herbicides, cleaning fluids, fire
retardants, refrigerants, etc.
- Medicinally, many organohalides are employed as anesthetics and disinfectants during
inhalation.
The chemical known as Teflon is a polymer and has widespread uses as a lubricant and
in non-stick coatings on cookware. Teflon is a polymer composed of carbon-fluorine
bonds rather than carbon-hydrogen bonds, as in a typical organic molecule.
Why are halogen-containing compounds so important in organic chemistry? - Answer
Their reactivity
Because of the variety of different reactions possible with an organohalide molecule
they can be used as starting materials in the synthesis of much larger, and more
complicated, organic molecules.
Question: Name two of the most important reaction types typical for organohalides? -
Answer Substitution reaction (nucleophilic substitution reaction)
Elimination reaction
Substitution reaction - Answer A reaction in which the halogen atom in a molecule is
replaced by another atom or functional group
,Elimination reaction - A reaction that eliminates the halogen and hydrogen atoms of
original substrate molecule resulting in the formation of an unsaturated compound.
Alkyl halides - A class of aliphatic hydrocarbon (alkenes, alkanes, alkynes) that contain
one or more halogen atom substituents.
Owing to their identical bonding pattern as hydrogen atoms, single single covalent
bond, halogen atoms are very often replaced with hydrogen atoms in organic
compounds.
Aryl halides - Answer Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene rings) with one or more halogen
atoms attached to the ring (a compound in which a halogen is bound to the carbon of a
benzene ring)
Vinyl halides - Answer Halogen is bound to a carbon of a double bond.
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Answer Benzene rings
Aliphatic hydrocarbons - Answer alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
Naming of halogen atoms - Solution Naming of alkyl and aryl halides follows the
systematic IUPAC methods of nomenclature. Halogen atoms are treated as substituents
on the parent chain of the molecule. The "ine" suffix of the name of the element is
dropped and is replaced by "-oro or -omo" as a suffix, depending upon the halogen.
Thus, chorine becomes chloro-, fluorine becomes fluoro-, bromine becomes bromo-,
and iodine becomes iodo-. These substituent names are brought into the IUPAC name of
the compound alphabetically.
Ex: 1-bromo-1-chloro-3-iodocyclopentane
What is other way of classification for Alkyl halides? - Answer Alkyl halides are classified
based on the extent of "steric bulk" or structural substitution around any carbon atom
that carries a halogen.
, - the alkyl halide is primary (1°) if only one carbon is directly attached to the carbon
bearing the halogen.
- If there are two carbons directly attached to the carbon bearing the halogen, then the
halide is classified as secondary (2°)
- if three carbons are directly attached to the carbon bearing the halogen, the halide is
tertiary (3°).
-If there are only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the carbon bearing the
halogen-no other carbons-then the halide is called a "methyl" halide.
Recognizing the degree of structural substitution of an alkyl halide molecule is
important in being able to predict how the molecule will react under varying conditions
and as to what products will form.
Subclassification of alkyl halides: if only one carbon is directly attached to the carbon
bearing the halogen - Answer primary (1°)
Image where R = a carbon
Subclassification of alkyl halides: If there are two carbons directly attached to the
carbon bearing the halogen - Answer secondary (2°)
Subclassification of alkyl halides: if three carbons are directly attached to the carbon
bearing the halogen - Answer tertiary (3°)
Subclassification of alkyl halides: If there are only hydrogen atoms directly attached to
the carbon bearing the halogen-with no other carbons-Answer "methyl" halide
What symbol is used in place for a generic halogen atom?
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