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Final BioChem I MLSP 354 || A Verified A+ Pass.
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What is free energy? correct answers Energy available to do work What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions? correct answers Exothermic releases heat, endothermic absorbs heat What is reaction coupling? correct answers Linking exothermic and endothermic reactions to d...

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  • October 3, 2024
  • 49
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • what is free energy

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  • BioChem I MLSP 354
  • BioChem I MLSP 354

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Final BioChem I MLSP 354 || A Verified A+ Pass.
What is free energy? correct answers Energy available to do work

What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions? correct answers
Exothermic releases heat, endothermic absorbs heat

What is reaction coupling? correct answers Linking exothermic and endothermic reactions to
drive unfavorable reactions

What is Le Chetalier's Principle? correct answers System will shift to counteract stress

How do you calculate free energy of coupled reactions? correct answers Add the free energies of
each reaction

What are oxidizing and reducing agents? correct answers Oxidizing agent accepts electrons,
reducing agent donates electrons

What is NAD(P)H → NAD(P)+? correct answers Oxidation

What is NAD(P)+ → NAD(P)H? correct answers Reduction

What is FADH/FADH2? correct answers Electron carriers in oxidative phosphorylation

What are the different types of monosaccharides? correct answers Triose, tetrose, pentose,
hexose, heptose

What are aldose and ketoses? correct answers Aldose has an aldehyde group, ketose has a ketone
group

What are isomers, enantiomers, epimers, and anomers? correct answers Isomers have same
formula, different structure; enantiomers are mirror images; epimers differ at one carbon;
anomers differ at hemiacetal/hemiketal carbon

What are the different structures of monosaccharides? correct answers Linear and cyclic

What are the different disaccharides? correct answers Sucrose, mannose, lactose

What are α versus β linkages? correct answers α linkage has OH below plane, β linkage has OH
above plane

What are the different linkages in disaccharides? correct answers 1-4, 1-6, 1-2 linkages

What are the different complex carbohydrates? correct answers Cellulose, starch, glycogen

,What is the difference in connectivity and branching of complex carbohydrates? correct answers
Cellulose is linear, starch is branched, glycogen is highly branched

What are the reactions in the energy investment stage of glycolysis? correct answers Glucose →
G6P, G6P → F6P, F6P → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

What are the reactions in the payoff stage of glycolysis? correct answers G3P → 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate →
pyruvate

What is the net balance of ATP and NADH in glycolysis? correct answers 2 ATP, 2 NADH

What is the oxidation step in glycolysis? correct answers G3P → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

What are the ATP consumption/generation steps in glycolysis? correct answers Phosphorylation
of glucose, phosphorylation of F6P, substrate-level phosphorylation of G3P and PEP

What are the regulatory steps in glycolysis? correct answers Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase,
pyruvate kinase

What are the positive regulators in glycolysis? correct answers AMP, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

What are the negative regulators in glycolysis? correct answers NADH, ATP, acetyl CoA,
pyruvate

What are the structures of intermediates in glycolysis? correct answers G6P, F6P, Fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate, G3P, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate, PEP, pyruvate

What is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? correct answers Pyruvate → acetyl-CoA +
CO2

What are the other fates/roles for pyruvate? correct answers Alanine synthesis, lactate synthesis

What is the linkage of glycolysis to TCA cycle? correct answers Acetyl-CoA enters TCA cycle

What are the other roles of Acetyl-CoA? correct answers Fatty acid synthesis, product of fatty
acid degradation, ketone body synthesis, product of ketone body degradation, cholesterol
precursor

What are the structures of intermediates in the citric acid cycle? correct answers Citrate,
isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate

What are the reactions in the citric acid cycle? correct answers Oxidative decarboxylations,
isomerization

,What are the steps leading to NADH, FADH2, and GTP/ATP in the citric acid cycle? correct
answers NADH: isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate, α-ketoglutarate → succinyl-CoA, malate →
oxaloacetate; FADH2: succinate → fumarate; GTP/ATP: succinyl-CoA → succinate

What are the regulated steps in the citric acid cycle? correct answers Citrate synthase, isocitrate
dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

What is glucose priming? correct answers Process of adding glucose to glycogen chain

What is the role of phosphoglucomutase in glucose priming? correct answers Converts glucose-
1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate

What is the role of UTP + glucose in glucose priming? correct answers Provides energy for
glucose addition to glycogenin

What is glycogenin? correct answers Protein that initiates glycogen synthesis

What is glycogen synthase? correct answers Enzyme that adds glucose to glycogen chain

What is branching enzyme? correct answers Enzyme that creates branches in glycogen chain

What is connectivity in glycogen? correct answers Linkages between main chains and branches

What are the hormones that regulate glycogen synthesis and breakdown? correct answers Insulin,
glucagon, epinephrine

What is the reaction for glycogen breakdown? correct answers Glycogen + Pi → glycogen - 1 +
glucose-1-phosphate

What is glycogen phosphorylase? correct answers Enzyme that breaks down glycogen into
glucose-1-phosphate

What is debranching enzyme? correct answers Enzyme that removes branches in glycogen chain

What is the key difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? correct answers Opposite
regulation of enzymes

What is glucose-6-phosphatase? correct answers Enzyme that converts glucose-6-phosphate to
glucose

What is fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase? correct answers Enzyme that converts fructose-1,6-
bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

What is pyruvate carboxylase? correct answers Enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate

, What is the role of malate conversion in gluconeogenesis? correct answers Converts
mitochondrial oxaloacetate to cytosolic oxaloacetate

What is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase? correct answers Enzyme that converts
oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate

What are the cellular regulators of gluconeogenesis? correct answers Positively regulated by
ATP, pyruvate, acetyl CoA; negatively regulated by AMP

What is the hormonal regulator of gluconeogenesis? correct answers Glucagon

What is beta-oxidation? correct answers Process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl CoA

What is the structure of mitochondrion? correct answers Outer membrane, intermembrane space,
inner membrane, matrix

What is fatty acid activation? correct answers Process of adding CoA to fatty acid

What is the role of CPT1 in fatty acid activation? correct answers Carnitinylation of fatty acid

What is the role of CPT2 in fatty acid activation? correct answers Decarnitinylation of fatty acid

What is the process of beta-oxidation? correct answers Oxidation-1, hydration, oxidation-2,
hydrolysis/bond cleavage, reinitiation of next cycle

What are the cellular regulators of beta-oxidation? correct answers Negatively regulated by ATP,
acetyl CoA; positively regulated by AMP

What is ketone body production? correct answers Process of producing ketone bodies from
acetyl CoA

What are the steps involved in ketone body production? correct answers Acetyl CoA →
AcetoacetylCoA → HMG CoA → Acetoacetate → β-hydroxybutyrate

What are the reasons for ketone body production? correct answers Low glucose availability, high
energy demand

What is the electron transport chain (ETC)? correct answers Process of transferring electrons
from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen

What is the role of complex I in ETC? correct answers Transfers electrons from NADH to
coenzyme Q and pumps 4 protons

What is the role of complex II in ETC? correct answers Harvests electrons from FADH2 and
transfers to coenzyme Q

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