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University of Waterloo BIOL 373 Midterm 1 Explained_ Fall 2024.
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BIOL 373 MIDTERM 1 1)Which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the a) Plasma b) Cytosol c) Lymph d) Extracellular fluid e) Endolymph 2) The study of body function in a disease state is … A) Necrology B) physiology. C) microbiology. D) hi...

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  • October 4, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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BIOL 373 MIDTERM 1

1)Which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the
a) Plasma
b) Cytosol
c) Lymph
d) Extracellular fluid
e) Endolymph
2) The study of body function in a disease state is …
A) Necrology
B) physiology.
C) microbiology.
D) histology.
E) pathophysiology.

3) The phrase "wisdom of the body" was first used by


A) Claude Bernard
B) Hans Selye
C) Walter Cannon
D) Nick Cannon
E) Walter Gretsky


4)Epinephrine causes intestinal blood vessels to constrict and skeletal muscle blood vessels to dilate


A) This effect is explained by the fact that vascular smooth muscle in these two sites receptors
coupled to different downstream events. → ??
B) This finding required revision of Cannon's postulates from back in the 1920s.
C) This finding was consistent with Cannon's postulates from back in the 1920s. → correct
D) A and B
E) A and C


Unit 1 → isnt c) correct cuz his fourth postulate states one chemical signal (EN) can have diff
effects on diff tissues, so b) would be incorrect … idk about a) ?


5) Paracrine and endocrine regulation can be distinguished based on
a) The location of the receptor on the target cell
b) The cell type that responds to the signal
c) the method of transport of the signal from the secreting cell to the target cell
d) A and C
e) A, B and C

6) The most important factor determining the cellular location of the receptor for a signal molecule is

, a) The lipid solubility of the ligand
b) The size of the ligand
c) The size of the receptor molecule
d) The stability of the ligand
e) Whether the signal arrives via endocrine versus paracrine routes
Explanation: Unit 1 → chemicals of signal molecules (ligands) determine what type of receptor
they interact with; where the ligand binds to its receptor depends on whether the signal molecule
(ligand) is lipophilic or lipophobic

7) Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both…
a) Are released by neurons
b) Travel in the blood to their target cell
c) Affect only cells with a specific receptor
d) A and C
e) A, B, and C

Explanation: Unit 1 → neural: electrical signal travels down neuron; reaches end and is translated
to chemical signal (neurotransmitter) which transmits information to next cell length depends on how
long axon is and how many neurons are in the chain neuro endocrine/ neurohormones: electrical
signal travels down neuron; reaches end and is secreted into blood; combination of neural and
endocrine




8) Glucagon, a protein hormone acts via a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that acts via increasing
intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. Which components would be considered the receptor and second
messenger respectively?
a) Glucagon, cyclic AMP
b) GPCR, Ga subunit
c) GPCR, cyclic AMP
d) Cyclic AMP, GPCR
e) G-protein, cyclic AMP

Explanation: From unit 1 quiz

9) Epinephrine acts via B-adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate and contractility. The drug
propranolol acts via the same receptors, but reduces these parameters. This drug could be referred to
as….
a) An antagonist of epinephrine
b) A second messenger of epinephrine
c) A beta-blocker

, d) A and C
e) A, B and C

Explanation: from textbook; Antagonist → can be a “beta-blocker” and propranolol is an example
of both (antagonist + beta blocker); might be an antagonist of norepinephrine though according to
textbook? ……

10) Cholera toxin interferes with signal transduction in intestinal epithelial cells by..
a) Blocking ligand binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)
b) Blocking activation of G proteins
c) Hydrolyzing GTP to GDP
d) Preventing the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
e) Inactivating adenylyl cyclase

Explanation: irreversibly modified by the addition of an ADP-ribosyl group; the modified Ga can
bind GTP but cannot hydrolyze it into GDP; therefore, always ON = persistent activation of
downstream events (elevation of adenylyl cyclase and cyclic AMP)

11) The ____ of the vertebrate embryo gives rise to the peripheral nervous system
a) Ventricle
b) Neural tube
c) Neural plate
d) Ependyma
e) Neural crest

Explanation: Unit 2 → KEY WORD: Peripheral!!!; neural crest cells will migrate throughout body
and contribute to many structures, including peripheral nervous system

12) The pons, which will eventually be part of the _____, develops from the embryonic ____
a) Brain stem, midbrain
b) Cerebral cortex, hindbrain
c) Brian stem, hindbrain
d) Cerebellum , midbrain
e) Medulla oblongata, hindbrain

Explanation: Unit 2 → brainstem contains structures derived from embryonic hind and midbrain
→ midbrain, pons and medulla; @ 6 weeks of embryonic development neural tube
differentiation occurs where the hind brain differentiates into the medulla oblongata, cerebellum
and pons

13) Gray matter in the central nervous system….
a) Is rich in neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and synapses
b) Consists of ascending tracts that carry sensory information
c) Is important in the integration of neural signals
d) Is rich in myelinated axons with very few if any cell bodies
e) A and C

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