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Pathoma - Questions With Correct Solutions (Rated A+)
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Pathoma - Questions With Correct Solutions (Rated A+)What are the 2 forms of adaptation to stress? Right Ans - Hyperplasia and
hypertrophy
What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
What happens is hyperplasia persists? Right Ans - Hyperplasia is growth
by # of cells. Hypertrophy is by growth of cellular content.
Hypertrophy can worsen into dysplasia, and worsen further into cancer.
What is an adaptation to a lack of stress? Right Ans - Atrophy
What are the 2 forms of atrophy? Be specific on the methods of one of these
forms. Right Ans - Atrophy is divided into Apoptosis which decreases # of
cells (via apoptosis) and separately there can be a decrease in cell size
The decrease in cell size occurs by either Ubiquitin-Proteasome degradation
of IC compartments, or Autophagy which fuses vacuoles to lysosomes.
What is metaplasia? Right Ans - Change in cell type.
What are the 3 examples of metaplasia?
Describe each Right Ans - Barrett's Esphagus: Esophageal Nonkeratinizing
squamous epithelium (handles friction) turns into mucin producing columnar
cells (handles acid). If worsens, will be cancerous (Adenocarcinoma).
Vitamin A Deficiency; Keratomalacia: Conjunctiva of eye changes from
goblet/columnar epithelium to keratinizing squamous epithelium (handles
dry eyes; xerophthalmia), which progresses further into keratomalacia
Myositis Ossificans: Trauma to connective tissue in muscle heals as bone
What is dysplasia? Be specific.
What is an example of dysplasia? Right Ans - Dysplasia: Disordered cellular
growth; precancerous.
, Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): Dysplasia but a precursor to cervical
cancer.
What is aplasia and hypoplasia? Right Ans - Aplasia is if no cells can be
made.
Hypoplasia is if little cells are made.
What are the 5 general causes of cellular injury? Right Ans - 1.
Inflammation
2. Nutritional deficiency
3. Hypoxia
4. Trauma
5. Genetic mutations
What is hypoxia? Right Ans - Low oxygen
Why is oxygen important?
What are 3 general causes of hypoxia? Right Ans - Oxygen is used in ETC to
make ATP.
Hypoxia is caused by either...
1. Ischemia
2. Low partial pressure of oxygen
3. Hb loss or dysfunction
What are the causes of ischemia?
What are the causes of low partial pressure of oxygen?
What are the 3 forms of Hb loss or dysfunction? Right Ans - Ischemia:
Caused by low artery perfusion, increased venous blood, or shock
(generalized hypertension).
Low partial pressure caused by high altitude, hypoventilation, diffusion effect,
or V/Q mismatch.
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