Exam (elaborations)
Pathoma Study Set – Questions & Solutions (Pass!)
- Course
- Institution
Pathoma Study Set – Questions & Solutions (Pass!)
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
LeCrae
Reviews received
Content preview
Pathoma Study Set – Questions & Solutions (Pass!)Hypoxia Right Ans - Ischemia, Hypoxemia, Dec. O2-carrying capacity
ischemia Right Ans - dec. blood flow through organ: block arterial flow to,
or venous flow from
budd-chiari syndrome Right Ans - thrombosis of hepatic vein => infarction
of hepatic parenchyma (1 - poly-cythemia very, or 2 - lupus anticoagulant)
hypoxemia Right Ans - PaO2 < 60, or SaO2 < 90
FiO2 dec: high altitude
PAO2 dec: high PACO2 (hypoventillation, OCPD), interstitial fibrosis
Dec. O2-carrying capacity Right Ans - anemia (PaO2 & SaO2 normal), CO
poisoning, methemoglobinemia (tx. IV methylene blue)
hypoxia => low ATP => cellular injury Right Ans - Low ATP => Na/K pump
(cell swell), Ca pump, anaerobic glycolysis
reversible cellular injury Right Ans - cellular swelling
microvilli swell, membrane blebbing, swelling of ER
irreversible cellular injury Right Ans - membrane damage
plasma membrane pops (Ca comes in), mitochondrial membrane (Cyt C),
lysosome membrane (Ca-activated, trash cell)
cell death Right Ans - loss of nucleus: pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
necrosis Right Ans - coagulative, liquefactive, gangrenous, caseous, fat,
fibrinoid
coagulative necrosis Right Ans - ischemic infarction (except brain)
wedge-shaped & pale (except when red)
hemorrhagic infarction => red
liquefactive necrosis Right Ans - enzymatic lysis: brain infarct (microglial
cells), abscess (neutrophils), pancreatitis (pancreatic enzymes)
,gangrenous necrosis Right Ans - dry gangrene = like coag necrosis;
ischemia of lower limb (DM) & GI tract
wet gangrene = dry, but necrotic tissue becomes infected
caseous necrosis Right Ans - liquefactive w/something mixed in to thicken
the soup: TB or fungus
fat necrosis Right Ans - suponification = fatty acids released, binds Ca
trauma to breast & peri-pancreatic fat
fibrinoid necrosis Right Ans - damage to blood vessel wall
vasculitis and malignant HTN (can be seen in pre-eclampsia, necrosis of
placenta)
apoptosis Right Ans - endometrial shedding, durng embryogenesis
(webbed feet), CD8+ killing
apoptotic bodies removed by macrophages
mediated by caspases (activate proteases & endonucleases)
apoptosis activation Right Ans - intrinsic mitochondrial pathway (cell injry,
DNA damage, dec. hormone stimulation) => Bcl2 knocked out, Cyt C released,
activates caspases
extrinsic receptor-ligand pathway = FAS ligand binds FAS death receptor on
target cell (negative selection in T cell maturation)
cytotoxic Cd8+ = secrete perforin & granzymes (activate caspases)
free radical basics Right Ans - Cyt C oxidase transfers electrons to O2
during oxidative phosphorylation, accepts 4 electrons O2 => O2- => H2O2 =>
OH- => H2O
pathologic generation of free radicals Right Ans - ionizing radiation (H2O
=> OH- most damaging radical)
inflammatio (neutrophils oxygen dependent killing: makes HOCl)
metals (Cu & Fe, Fenten rxn => OH-... Wilson's & Hemocromatosis (=> cirrosis
of liver))
drugs/chemicals (tylenol by liver P450 => free radicals; CCl4)
free radical making enzymes Right Ans - O2 => O2- = NADPH oxidase
O2- => H2O2 = superoxide dysmutase (SOD)
,H2O2 => HOCl = myeloperoxidase
H2O2 => H2O + O2 (catalase)
OH- => H2O (glutathione peroxidase)
elimination of free radicals Right Ans - antioxidants: Vit A, C, E
metal carrier proteins: transferrin carries Fe in blood; Ferratin binds Fe in
liver (so radicals not produced)
enzymes SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase
free radical injury Right Ans - CCl4 dry cleaning industry
liver P450 converts CCl4 = CCl3-, damaged hepatocyes
cellular swelling, RER swell, lose ribosomes => fail to synthecize protein
(apolipoprotein) => fat can get in, but can't get out (function of liver) => fatty
change of liver
reperfusion injury
MI, cells die. cath lab, O2 returns => hits inflammatory cells, make free radicals
=> further damage to cardiac myocytes
amyloid Right Ans - usually beta-pleated sheet
amyloid pics up Congo red stain, reveals apple-green birefringence under
polarized light
systemic amyloidosis Right Ans - primary amyloidosis: deposition of AL
(light chain) amyloid; plasma cell dyscrasia diseases => overproduction of
light chain => deposits into tissue
secondary amyloidosis: depositoin of AA (acute phase reactant) amyloid; SAA
= acute phase reactant => AA... in chronic inflammation, malignancy, familial
mediterranean fever (dysfunctional neutrophils
kidney most involved organ => nephrotic syndrome (> 3.5 g/24 hr
proteinuria)
restrictive cardiomyopathy (amyloid => less compliant heart wall)
localized amyloidosis Right Ans - senile cardiac amyloidosis: non-mutated
serum transthyretin
familial amyloid cardiomyopathy: mutated serum transthyretin => restrictive
cardiomyopathy (5% blacks)
, DM II: byproduct of insulin is amylin, deposits in islets of pancreas => burns
out pancreas => insulin-dependent DM II
alzheimer disease: Abeta amyloid (beta-amyloid precursor protein Chr 21)
dialysis-associated amyloidosis: beta2-microglobulin (amyloid) structural
support for MHC I... gets filtered poorly => deposits in joints
medullary carcinoma of thyroid: tumor cells overproduce calcitonin, deposits
=> amyloid (thyroid cancer in amyloid backgroudn = medullary carcinoma)
acute inflammation Right Ans - edema + neutrophils
infection & tissue necrosis
acute inflammation factors Right Ans - Tol-like Receptors (TLRs)
Arachidonic acid
Mast cells
Compliment
Hageman factor
TLRs Right Ans - Tol-like receptors: recognize PAMPs, e.g. CD14 on
macrophages recognize LPS of gram neg bact => activate
macrophage/dendritic cell =>immune reponse
arachadonic acid Right Ans - from phospholipase A2; acted upon by 1 of 2
pathways
COX pathway => prostaglandins => vasodilation & inc. vascular permeability
(PGE2 => pain & fever)
5-lipooxygenase pathway => leukotrienes => vasoconstriction, bronchospasm,
& inc. vascular permeability (pericytes within vessel endothelial cells) (LTB4
attacts & activates neutrophils
mast cells Right Ans - distributed throughout CT of body
activated by (1) tissue trauma, (2) compliment proteins C3a & C5a, (3)
crosslinking of cell-surface IgE by antigen
immediate response: dumping of preformed histamine granules (vasodilation
& inc. vascular permeability)
delayed response: produciton of arachidonic acid metabolits, esp leukotrienes
=> maintenance of acute inflammatory response)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller LeCrae. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for CA$43.42. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75323 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now