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Pathoma: Renal – Questions And Accurate Solutions
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Pathoma: Renal – Questions And Accurate SolutionsWhat is the most common congenital renal anomaly? Right Ans - horseshoe
kidney
What structure does a horseshoe kidney get caught on during its ascent to the
abdomen? Right Ans - inferior mesenteric artery root
Where do the kidneys develop? Right Ans - pelvis
Where are conjoined kidneys most commonly connected? Right Ans -
lower pole
What effect does have unilateral renal agenesis on the existing kidney?
Right Ans - hypertrophy
What risk does unilateral renal agenesis increase? Why? Right Ans - late
life renal failure, hyperfiltration
What causes Potter sequence? Right Ans - oligohydramnios
This potent vasodilator used in the tx of malignant htn can cause significant
postural hypotension? Right Ans - nitroprusside
How does nitroprusside work? Right Ans - stimulate guanyl cyclase to
increase cGMP in smooth muscle
What potential toxicity can result from a long infusion of nitroprusside?
Right Ans - cyanide poisoning
What does nitroprusside tx? Right Ans - malignant htn
What is a potential side effect of nitroprusside? Right Ans - postural
hypotension
How to ACE inhibitors cause cough? What other effect does this mechanism
have? Right Ans - inhibit breakdown of bradykinin, potent vasodilation
What are three common ACE inhibitors? Right Ans - captopril
,enalapril
lisinopril
What group of antihypertensive drugs inhibits the breakdown of bradykinin?
Right Ans - ACE inhibitors
What is the major side effect of ACE inhibitors? Right Ans - cough
Diuretic used in the management of chronic glaucoma and acute mountain
sickness. Right Ans - acetazolamide
What drug is used to alkalinize the urine in aspirin toxicity? Right Ans -
acetazolamide
What is the mechanism of acetazolamide? Right Ans - inhibits carbonic
anhydrase in the proximal convoluted tubule
Where does acetazolamide work? Right Ans - proximal convoluted tubule
What is a potential side effect of acetazolamide? Right Ans - metabolic
acidosis
For what three things is acetazolamide used? Right Ans - chronic glaucoma
acute mountain sickness
alkalinize the urine in aspirin toxicity
What class of diuretics inhibit the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter in the thick
ascending loop of Henle? Right Ans - loop diuretics
What are some loop diuretics? Right Ans - furosemide
butamide
What type of drugs are loop diuretics? Right Ans - sulfa drugs
What are potential side effects of loop diuretics? Right Ans - hypercalcemia,
ototoxicity, hyperuricemia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Which drug is a non-sulfa drug with similar effects to loop diuretics? Right
Ans - ethacryic acid
,On which transporter do loop diuretics act? Where is the transporter located?
Right Ans - Na+/K+/Cl- in the thick ascending loop of Henle
To what class of diuretics do furosemide and butamide belong? Right Ans -
loop diuretics
What are the most potent diuretics? Right Ans - loop diuretics
Diuretic that functions early in the distal convoluted tubule by inhibiting NaCl
reabsorption? Right Ans - hydrochlorothiazide
What are the major side effects of hydrochlorothiazide? Right Ans -
hypokalemia
alkalosis
hyperuricemia
hyperlipidemia
What is the mechanism of hydrochlorothiazide? Right Ans - inhibits NaCl
reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
Where in the nephron does hydrochlorothiazide act? Right Ans - early in
the distal convoluted tubule
Originally developed as an antihypertensive agent, it is used topically because
of the beneficial side effect of hypertrichosis. Right Ans - minoxidil
What is the mechanism of minoxidil? Right Ans - direct acting vasodilator
What drugs function similarly to minoxidil? Right Ans - nitroprusside and
hydralazine
K+ sparing diuretics that do not have anti-androgenic effects? Right Ans -
amiloride
triamterene
What is the mechanism of amiloride and triamterene? Right Ans - block Na
channels in the cortical collecting tubules
, To which class of diuretics do amiloride and triamterene belong? Right Ans
- K-sparing
Where do K+ sparing diuretics act? Right Ans - corticol collecting tubules
What is a side effect of K+ sparing diuretics? Right Ans - hyperkalemic
metabolic acidosis
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist used as an antihypertensive drug? Right
Ans - losartan
Where does losartan function? Right Ans - collecting tubules
Are ACE inhibitors and ATII receptor inhibitors teratogenic? Right Ans -
yes
What is the mechanism of losartan? Right Ans - ATII receptor antagonist
Why would you switch a pt from captopril to losartan? Right Ans - no
cough as side effect
This K-sparing diuretic is an aldosterone antagonist that functions at the
collecting tubule? Right Ans - spironolactone
What is the mechanism of spironolactone? Where does it act? Right Ans -
aldosterone antagonist
collecting tubule
To which class of diuretics does spironolactone belong? Right Ans - K-
sparing
What are the side effects of spironolactone? Right Ans - P450 inducer
gynecomastia and other antiandrogenic effects
Osmotic diuretic that works by extracting water from tissues into the blood;
used in the tx of hydrocephalus and increased ICP. Right Ans - mannitol
Where does mannitol act? Right Ans - proximal convoluted tubules
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