Exam (elaborations)

NR 325 Exam 1 Questions and Correct Answers | Latest Update

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Course
NR 325

Institution
NR 325

Endocrine System Function  Produce hormones and secrete them directly into the bloodstream Insulin  Regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage hormone).  Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes Counterregulatory...

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nr 325 exam 1 questions and correct answers lat
endocrine system function produce hormones and s

Institution NR 325
Course NR 325

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Best Grades | Must Pass | Latest Update | Correct Answers | 2024/ 2025

NR 325 Exam 1 Questions and Correct
Answers | Latest Update
Endocrine System Function

 Produce hormones and secrete them directly into the bloods tream

Insulin

 Regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and

proteins (anabolic or storage hormone).

 Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes

Counterregulatory Hormones

 Oppose the effects of insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They

provide a regulated release of glucose for energy, and help maintain

normal blood glucose levels.

Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol

Glucagon

 Normally produced by pancreatic alpha cells when blood sugar is low to

raise blood glucose levels. In diabetes II, glucagon is still produced, but

because there is so much insulin, our pancreas doesn't respond normally.

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Diabetes Mellitus

 A chronic, multi-system disease related to abnormal insulin production,

impaired insulin utilization, or both. There is no cure, but diabetic

complications can be delayed or prevented with good management.

African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native Americans have

a higher incidence of diabetes.

Diabetes Complications

 Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, end -stage renal failure,

and non-traumatic lower limb amputations. It is also a major contributing

factor to heart disease and stroke.

Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes

 Diabetes prevalence increases with age related to reduced B -cell function,

decreased insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb metabolism.

Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes is more common in older adults,

partly due to the normal physiologic changes of aging resembling that of

DM.

Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.

Diabetes Type I Epidemiology

 Formerly known as "juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes.

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Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-10% of all people with

diabetes.

Has a sudden onset.

It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin production are destroyed. A

genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus are factors that may contribute to the

development of DM I. Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells. Manifestations occur

after the pancreas is unable to produced insulin, and symptoms are rapid. Usually patients

present to ER with DKA.

Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms

 Polyuria

Polydipsia

Polyphagia

Weight loss

Prediabetes

 Known as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose

(IFG).

Prediabetes Labs

 IFG: fasting glucose levels 100 -126 mg/dl

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IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl

A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%

A1C Lab

 It is a test that determines how well your glucose was stabilized within the

last three months.

If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels in the last 3 months

Diabetes Type II Etiology

 Probably has a genetic basis.

A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease progresses, less insulin

production. There is also an increased risk for obesity.

Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an increased waist

circumference.

Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of childhood obesity.

Type II accounts for 90% of diabetics.

Pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the body can't use the insulin.

Diabetes Type II Risk Factors

 Obesity

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