100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
BIOL 1090 FINAL EXAM FULL STUDY GUIDE CA$4.30   Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. University Of Guelph (U Of G )
  4.  
  5. Biological Science
  6.  
  7. BIOL 1090 (BIOL1090)

Class notes

BIOL 1090 FINAL EXAM FULL STUDY GUIDE

1 review
 111 views  3 purchases

This notebook contains lecture notes from 2019 BIOL 1090 class. It includes diagrams, definitions, exam questions&solutions, and only the TESTED textbook content that was on my final exam. Covers all lectures and goes more in-depth from lecture 13 and up (after midterm #1) Some topics include: ...

[Show more]

Preview 2 out of 28  pages

Document information

  • January 14, 2020
  • 28
  • 2019/2020
  • Class notes
  • Unknown
  • All classes

Subjects

Connected book

book image

Book Title:

Author(s):

  • Edition:
  • ISBN:
  • Edition:

More summaries for

All for this textbook (2)

Written for

All documents for this subject (3)

1  review

review-writer-avatar

By: aduhra82 • 3 year ago

Seller

avatar-seller
sciencestudynotes101

Reviews received

Content preview

Lecture 1 – Mitosis
Cell Division: the process by which cells make more cells, occurs for growth, cell replacement, healing,
and reproduction.
 Mitosis
-> Mitotic cells (aka stem cells)
-> E.g. neural stem cells, follicle hair stem cells, muscle stem cells, intestinal stem calls
(all go under mitosis)
 Meiosis
-> sperm and egg cells
Eukaryotes: genome large and linear, DNA in nucleus
Prokaryotes: genome small and circular, DNA in cytoplasm
Homologous Chromosome: chromosome pairs (from each parent) similar in length and gene position
Sex Chromosome: determines sex of human (XX is female, XY is male)
Chromosome: two sister chromatids attached by the centromere, two kinetochores placed on either
side of the centromere and spindle is attached to kinetochores

Interphase: 46 chromosomes to 92 chromatids but still 46 chromosomes (count by centromeres)
G1 Phase (Gap 1): growth, cellular metabolism
S Phase (Synthesis): DNA synthesize, homologous chromosomes (two, one from each parent) duplicate
at the centromeres to become sister chromatids
G2 Phase (Gap 2): preparation for mitosis, increase in size
 Cells that are not actively cycling will exit the cycle from G1, entering a state "G0"

Mitosis
Prophase: chromosomes condense (thicken), centrosomes radiate microtubules and migrate to
opposite poles
Prometaphase: microtubules attach to chromosomes, nuclear envelope starts to break down
Metaphase: chromosomes attached by microtubules align in the centre of cell, nucleus has
disassembled
Anaphase: sister chromatids separate due to the microtubules pulling them to opposite sides of the cell,
these chromatids are now individual chromosomes
Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms around each group of separated chromosomes and chromosomes
condense (thicken)
Cytokinesis: cytoplasm splits to from two cells, site of split is called "contractile ring" in animals and
called "cell plate" in plants

Ploidy Levels: the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell is know as it's ploidy
Haploid (n): a cell with one complete set of chromosomes (e.g. sperm)
Diploid (2n): two complete set of chromosomes, one copy from each parent (e.g. somatic cells such as
skin or leaf cell)

, Lecture 2 – Meiosis, Regulation of Cell Cycle
Haploid (n): half the amount of DNA as a diploid cell, common in gametes/sex cells. They are produced
by meiosis. Two haploid cells (a mom and a dad) are fertilized so the offspring has a complete set of
chromosomes. Contains 23 chromosomes.

Diploid (2n): two times more DNA than a haploid cell, contains two sets of unique chromosomes, from
both the mother and father. Mammals contain two homologous copies of each chromosome. Produced
by mitosis. Contains 46 chromosomes

Things to remember
 There is only one interphase
 The first division randomly separates homologous chromosomes
 The second division results in the splitting of sister chromatids
 The end result 4 genetically unique haploid daughter cells

Meiosis I
Prophase I: DNA replication has already completed. Centrosomes with microtubules migrate to each
side of cell. Homologous (same chromosome but one from mom and one from dad) condense and
undergo synapsis (crossing over). The nuclear envelope begins to break down.
 Two homologous chromosomes cross over forming a bivalent set of chromosomes, the point at
which they cross is called chiasma
 The final product of the two crossed over chromosomes are called recombinant chromatids
Prometaphase I: spindles attach to kinetochores (on the chromosomes on centromere) by mono-
orientation, meaning two kinetochores attach to one side of chromosome and another two on the other
side of different non-sister chromosome.
Metaphase I: Homologous pairs line up in center of cell with bivalents oriented randomly.
Anaphase I: new recombinant homologous chromosomes separate but not sister chromatids.
Telophase I/Cytokinesis: daughter cells are ready to move into prophase II, each daughter cell (two)
now has only one set of chromosomes making it a haploid cell.
Meiosis II
Prophase II: the nuclear envelope from telophase I is broken down and chromosomes condense
Prometaphase II: spindles attach to kinetochores on either side of sister chromatids
Metaphase II: chromosomes align on top of each other in centre of the cell
Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate
Telophase II/Cytokinesis: nuclear envelop reforms and the cytoplasm divides creating four haploid
daughter cells

In Females
 Meiosis I arrest (after two cells are formed only one is good the other is a polar body) is released
in one oocytes during each menstrual cycle. Meiosis II arrest is released upon fertilization (only
one of the four daughter cells are good to become an ovum and the rest are polar body's, if not
pregnant all four are released during a period)
In Males
 All four haploid cells created from meiosis are now sperm (gamete) cells

Regulation of the Cell Cycle

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller sciencestudynotes101. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for CA$4.30. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

84866 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
CA$4.30  3x  sold
  • (1)
  Add to cart