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UNIT 3 NU 545 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
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UNIT 3 NU 545 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE What is an STI? (affect more than 20 million Americans per year, and 1/2 are younger than 25 years. Hidden epidemic. STI: is the general term for any disease that can be spread by intimate and/or sexual co...

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  • October 10, 2024
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UNIT 3 NU 545 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST
UPDATE

What is an STI? (affect more than 20 million Americans per year, and 1/2 are younger than 25 years.
Hidden epidemic.

STI: is the general term for any disease that can be spread by intimate and/or sexual contact.

Includes systemic diseases such as hepatitis and tuberculosis

Is prevalent in all socioeconomic and racial or ethnic groups

Individuals who have unprotected nonmonogamous sex have the greatest risk for STI exposure and
infection.

Types of sexually transmitted urogenital infections

Bacterial -(gonorrhea-syphilis-chancroid-granuloma inguinale-bacterial vaginosis)
Viral
Protozoal
Parasitic
Fungal

Gonorrhea (Bacterial infection)

Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI)

•Rare systemic complication brought about by the spread of infection through the bloodstream

•Life-threatening condition causing a generalized rash and severe joint pain

Perihepatitis

•Spread of N. gonorrhoeae to the liver

,Ophthalmia neonatorum

•Gonococcal eye infection in an infant from an infected mother (most states require prophylactic
opthalmic antibiotics to prevent gonococcal eye infection. Topical antibiotics may not be effective in
eliminating neonatal infection and systemic tx. is indicated for all newborns with known exposure. (onset
of symptoms 1-12 days) Newborns may also develop gonorrheal rhinitis.

Gonnorhea (Bacterial infection)

Is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Transmission generally requires the contact of epithelial surfaces such as vaginal, oral, or anal
intercourse, and infection in the adults can be in the vagina, rectum, oropharynx, and the urethra.

Pregnant woman can pass gonorrhea to her fetus through infected cervical and vaginal secretions, and a
mother can pass it to her newborn child. Following vertical transmission, the newborn eyes can be
infected and result in blindness if untreated.

Humans are the only natural hosts.

Presence of pili helps N. gonorrhoeae attach to the epithelial cells of mucous membranes.

Why is treatment for gonorrhea becoming more difficult?

because of rapidly developing resistance to antibiotics. CDC and WHO advise dual drug treatment to
treat the infection and staunch increasing resistance.

Antibiotic resistance is most common in those who frequently have oral and anal intercourse (men with
men) CDC says gonorrhea likely to become resistant to all antibiotics in the near future.

Common sites/complications of gonorrhea (Bacterial infection)

•Endocervical canal (inner portion of the cervix): most common site for women

•Urethra

•Skene and/or Bartholin glands

•Urethra or rectum: most common site for men

Complications:

,•Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

•Sterility

•Disseminated infection

Clinical manifestations of gonorrhea (Bacterial infection)

•Men: sudden onset of painful urination or purulent penile discharge, or both (within a week from
infection)

•Women (within 10 days of exposure or 1-2 days after the next period. More than half are
asymptomatic

Symptoms often do not appear until they have spread to the upper reproductive tract (uterus,
fallopian/uterine tubes, and ovaries)

Dysuria (difficult/painful urination)

Increased vaginal discharge, increased flow or dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia (painful sex) , lower
abdominal and/or pelvic pain

Fever; mucopurulent discharge from the cervical os

treatment for gonorrhea (Bacterial infection)

•Antibiotic (ceftriaxone)
•Multidrug administration to reduce resistance
•Resistant to many antibiotics
•Treatment of partners
•Avoidance of sex until infection resolved, then usage of condoms

What is syphilis? (Bacterial infection)

On the increase from men having sex with men

Treponema pallidum (anaerobic spirochete)

•Is a corkscrew-shaped, anaerobic bacterium that cannot be cultured in vitro (grow in human organ or
tissue only)

•Infects any body tissue

, •Becomes a systemic disease shortly after infection

Maternal-fetal transmission can occur as early as 9 weeks’ gestation.

Tests

•Darkfield microscopy and serologic testing

Where is the bacteria from syphillis present? (Bacterial infection)

exudate from moist mucosal or cutaneous lesions, the spirochete is usually transmitted to others during
the first few years of infection.

Why does untreated early syphilis result in perinatal death (40-70%) during pregnancy? (Bacterial
infection)

Because the spirochete can cross the placental membrane to infect the fetus. However, simple tx with
penicillin is 98% effective at preventing vertical transmission (from mother to baby during the period
immediately before and after birth) .

Therefore, all pregnant women should be screened at their first prenatal visit, and women at risk should
be screened again in the 3rd trimester and at the time of delivery.

The course of untreated syphilis consists of 4 stages:

Stage 1 Primary (usually painless, round, and hard sores)

Secondary

Latent

Tertiary

Primary syphilis: local invasion

Treponema pallidum multiplies in epithelium producing granulomatous tissue reaction (chancre)

From 12 days to 12 weeks after exposure

Average duration: 3 weeks

Granulomatous tissue reaction: hard chancre (eroded, painless, firm, and indurated [hard] ulcer)

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