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NU 545 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UNIT 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ CA$14.42   Add to cart
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NU 545 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UNIT 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
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NU 545 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UNIT 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ 1.Know all STI: pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, treatment, and complications. Use EB's chart · How is each transmitted during pregnancy to the fetus? · Know the di...

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  • October 10, 2024
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NU 545 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UNIT 3 EXAM QUESTIONS

AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED

A++

1.Know all STI: pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, treatment, and

complications.


Use EB's chart

· How is each transmitted during pregnancy to the fetus?

· Know the different stages of syphilis.

· what organism causes each STI and is it viral, bacterial etc.?

· Do you treat both partners and why?

· What age group has the greatest risk of STIs and why? Young women

· What causes cervical cancer? HPV exposure


2. Understand the different uterine tumor types


· Leiomyomas (uterine fibroids): benign smooth muscle tumors in the myometrium; most remain small

and asymptomatic

o Occurs in the fundus of the uterus in multiples or in singles throughout

o Subserous, submucous, or intramural

o Manifestations: abnormal uterine bleeding (increased uterine surface area), pain, distorted uterine

cavity that can put pressure on a nearby structure

o Evaluation: enlarged and irregular uterus; confirm diagnosis with MRI

,Treatment: GnRH antagonists, IUD, oral contraceptive, hysterectomy or myomectomy (removal of

fibroid)


3. What is PCOS and what does it cause? Clinical manifestations? Treatment? Causes?

Pathophysiology?


· At least two of the following: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of androgen (testosterone), polycystic

ovaries on ultrasound

· Patho: hyperandrogenic state is a cardinal feature, glucose intolerance increases the severity

· Manifestations: obesity, menstrual disturbance, hyperandrogenism, DM, HTN

· Causes: associated with metabolic dysfunction, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and obesity

· Treatment: goal is to reverse androgen excess and causing cyclic menstruation; first line is oral

contraceptives to establish a regular period, weight loss, progesterone therapy if pregnancy is not

desired


4. What is the difference between primary and secondary amenorrhea and what is compartment II?


· Primary amenorrhea: failure of menarche and the absence of menstruation by age 13

· Secondary amenorrhea: absence of regular menses for 3 months or irregular menses for 6 months in

women who have previously menstruated; exclude pregnancy before further evaluation

· Compartment II: disorders that involve the ovary and are linked to genetic abnormalities; gonadal

dysgenesis (turner syndrome) or androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)


5. What are the signs of puberty in girls and boys? What delays puberty?


· Reproductive maturation involves the hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the CNS, the

endocrine system; adrenarche is the increased production of adrenal androgens (axillary and pubic hair

growth and body odor)

,· Girls: 8-9 years of age, with thelarche (breast development); puberty is complete with the first

menstrual period (could be 1-2 years after menarche or first period)

o estradiol causes breast development, maturation of the reproductive organs, and fat deposits in the

hips

o estrogen and increased growth factors leads to rapid skeletal growth in girls and boys

· Boys: 11 years of age, occurs with increased weight and BMI; complete with the first ejaculation of

mature sperm

o Testosterone causes growth of testes, scrotum, and penis

· Delays in puberty: lack of circulating estrogen leads to inadequate bone density; low gonadotropin

levels: need skull imaging to rule out pituitary or other CNS tumor

o Girls: functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (FHH), disruption in the HPG axis; treat with

estrogen

o Boys: deficient FSH/LH, disruption of HPG axis; treat with testosterone


6. What is the pathophysiology behind the signs and symptoms of menopause?


· Cessation of ovulation and menses due to ovarian failure, marks the end of reproduction; premature

menopause (before 40 years old); defined by the point that marks 12 consecutive months of

amenorrhea

· "climacteric": gradual changes of ovarian function that start before menopause due to a loss of ovarian

follicles resulting in reduced ovarian production of estradiol, increased FSH/LH, and decreased inhibin

· Changes:

o Ovarian: utero- number of follicles steadily decrease, starts in the late 30s

o Uterine: primarily endometrium affected, proliferative growth; longer exposure to estrogen causes

greater thickness of endometrium which causes heavy/unpredictable bleeding

, o Breast: become smaller and lose firmness because fat deposits increase

o Genital tract: vagina shortens and loses elasticity, vaginal pH increases which causes vaginitis, urethral

tone declines causing frequency/urgency/UTIs/incontinence (estrogen deficiency)

o Systematic: vasomotor flushes (hot flashes) due to rise in temp and dilation of blood vessels and

increased noradrenaline levels

o Cardiac: as estrogen levels decrease, BP and LDL levels rise which causes weight gain


7. What does breast milk contain?


· Breast milk is the most appropriate nourishment for newborns.

· Colostrum is rich in immunologic components (IgA, lactoferrin, leukocytes, growth factor)

o Secretory IgA and antimicrobial factors (lysosomes and lactoferrin) protect the infant against infection


8. What is the BRCA1 gene?


· Located on chromosome 17, it is a tumor suppressor gene; any mutation in the gene may inhibit its

suppressor function leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation; the most important breast cancer genes

are BRCA1 and BRCA2.

· This alteration leads to a higher risk for breast cancer.


Testes


organs of reproduction; produces gametes (sperm), sex hormones (androgens and testosterone)

§ Suspended outside of the body because sperm production requires 1-2 C lower than body temp

§ Seminiferous tubules are 80% of the testicular volume and are the site of sperm production; Leydig

cells occur in clusters and produce testosterone

§ Sperm mature in the epididymis; its function is to conduct sperm from the efferent tubules to the vas

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