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CELLULAR REGULATION EXEMPLARS RNSG 1538 Q&A
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CELLULAR REGULATION EXEMPLARSRNSG 1538 Q&A
Number of carcinogens in smoke - answer-60 carcinogens along with carbon dioxide
and nicotine in smoking tobacco ----- all interfere with normal cell development
Inhaled carcinogens - answer-come from asbestos, radon, nickel, iron, uranium,
arsenic, and air pollution.
Patho of lung cancer - answer-preference for upper lobes of lung
Slow growth and could take years for tumor to grow 1 cm
Non-small and small cell lung cancer
Lung cancer metastatic - answer-lung cancer metastasis is through the blood or lymph
system and goes to the liver, brain, bones, lymph nodes, and adrenal glands.
Early s/s of lung cancer - answer-persistent productive cough, chest pain, dyspnea,
wheezing
Later s/s of lung cancer - answer-anorexia
Fatigue
Weight loss
Nausea and vomiting
Possibly hoarseness
Dx lung cancer - answer-1. Chest x-ray
2. Computerized tomography (ct)
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (mri)
4. Positron emission tomography (pet)
5. Sputum cytology
6. Biopsy is most definitive, either through aspiration of cells or during bronchoscopy
7.mediastinoscopy
8. Video-assisted thoracoscopy
9. Thoracentesis
In diagnosing, it will be a collaborative process with potentially utilizing surgery,
respiratory therapy, radiology, etc.
Staging for lung cancer - answer--tnm (tumor, nodes, metastases) is one way that lung
cancer is staged.
-staging is useful for non small cell lung cancer but not for small cell lung cancer due to
its aggressive nature and its always considered systemic.
______ have the highest incidence rate of colorectal cancer. ______ have the lowest -
answer-african americans and males; hispanics
, Increased risk factors for colorectacl cancer - answer-personal/family history of
inflammatory bowel disease, adenomatous polyps or cancer
Types of polyps - answer--hyperplastic
Minimal cancer potential
-adenomatous
Approximately 90% of colon and rectal cancers arise from adenomas
Categories of crc screening tests - answer--tests that detect cancer and precancerous
polyps*
-tests that primarily detect cancer
Types of invasive and non-invasive screening tests - answer--invasive crc screening
procedures:
colonoscopy
Flexible sigmoidoscopy (fsig)
And double-contrast barium enema (dcbe)
-noninvasive crc screening tests:
ct colonography (ctc)/virtual colonoscopy
Fecal occult blood test (fobt)
Fecal immunochemical test (fit)
stool dna test (sdna)
Stool dna test - answer-polyps and cancer cells contain abnormal dna.
Stool dna tests look for abnormal dna from cells that are passed in the stool*
Increased risk foods for crc - answer--consumption of red meat
-animal and saturated fat
-refined carbohydrates
-alcohol
Decreased risk foods for crc - answer--dietary fiber
-vegetables
-fruits
-antioxidant vitamins
-calcium
-folate (b vitamin)
S/s for crc - answer-many people have no symptoms - if you've already been
diagnosed, encourage those close to you to get screened .
-symptoms could include:
A change in bowel movements (diarrhea, constipation, never feeling "relieved",
narrower stools)
-blood in the stool (dark red)
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