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CPCE/NCE PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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CPCE/NCE PRACTICE EXAMQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Behaviorism - Theorists - Answer-John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B.
F. Skinner.
Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages - Answer-Trust versus mistrust (birth to age 1
½ years); autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 ½ to 3 years); initiative versus guilt (3
to 6 years); industry versus inferiority (6 to 11 years): identity versus role confusion (12
to 18 years); intimacy versus isolation (18 to 35 years); generativity versus stagnation
(35 to 60 years); and integrity versus despair (age 65 and beyond).
Jean Piaget's Qualitative Four Stages of Cognitive Development (Genetic
Epistemology) - Answer-Theory: Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years); Preoperational (2 to 7
years); Concrete Operations (7 to 12 years); and Formal Operations (11/ 12 to 16).
Assimilation/Adaptation - Answer-When the individual fits information into existing ideas.
(reinforces beliefs)
Accommodation - Answer-Modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information.
(changes beliefs)
Conservation - Answer-The child knows that volume and quantity do not change, just
because the appearance of an object changes.
Kegan's Constructive Developmental Model - Answer-model emphasizes the impact of
interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality; construct reality throughout
lifespan; meaning making; Kegan suggests six stages of life span development:
incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual.
Lawrence Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development - Answer-Each level has two
stages: preconventional level— behavior governed by consequences; conventional
level— a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules; postconventional level— self-
accepted moral principles guide behavior.
Carol Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development for Women - Answer-Gilligan's 1982 book
In a Different Voice illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was conducted on
males. Women have a sense of caring and compassion.
Daniel Levinson Four Major Eras/ Transitions Theory - Answer-In a 1978 classic book
titled The Seasons of a Man's Life Levinson depicted the changes in men's lives
throughout the lifespan. The four key eras include: childhood and adolescence, early
adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood.
,Lev Vygotsky (1896- 1934) - Answer-zone of proximal development
William Perry's Three Stage Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development in Adults/
College Students (dualistic thinking) - Answer-Dualism in which students view the truth
as either right or wrong. Relativism is the notion that a perfect answer may not exist.
There is a desire to know various opinions. Commitment to relativism— in this final
stage the individual is willing to change his or opinion based on novel facts and new
points of view.
James W. Fowler's Prestage Plus Six Stage Theory of Faith and Spiritual Development
- Answer-Stage 0 undifferentiated (primal) faith (infancy, birth to 4 years); Stage 1
intuitive-projective faith (2 to 7 years, early childhood); mythic-literal faith (childhood and
beyond); synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence and beyond) a stage of conformity);
individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood and beyond); conjunctive faith (midthirties
and beyond) openness to other points of view, paradox, and appreciation of symbols
and metaphors; and universalizing faith (midlife and beyond) few reach this stage of
enlightenment.
Ethnocentrism - Answer-means that a given group sees itself as the standard by which
other ethnic groups are measured
Emic versus etic - Answer-In the emic approach the counselor helps the client
understand his or her culture. In the etic approach the counselor focuses on the
similarities in people; treating people as being the same.
autoplastic- alloplastic dilemma - Answer-Autoplastic implies that the counselor helps
the client change to cope with his or her environment. Alloplastic occurs when the
counselor has the client try to change the environment.
Social comparison theory - Answer-Popularized by early research conducted by Leon
Festinger, simply postulates that we evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by
comparing ourselves to others.
The five-stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model
(R/ CID) aka the Minority Identity Model - Answer-(1) Conformity (lean toward dominant
culture and prefer a counselor from the dominant culture); (2) Dissonance (question and
confusion, prefer a counselor from a minority group); (3) Resistance and Immersion
(reject the dominant culture while accepting one's own culture); (4) Introspection (mixed
feelings related to the previous stage, prefer a counselor from one's own racial/ ethnic
group) and (5) Synergetic Articulation and Awareness (stop racial and cultural
oppression, prefers a counselor with a similar attitude or worldview over merely a
counselor who is the same race/ ethnicity, but has different beliefs). Not everyone goes
through all stages and some individuals never progress beyond the second or third
stage. An individual can also go backward.
Abreaction - Answer-violent cathartic reaction
, Abscissa - Answer-x-coordinate
Absolutist thinking/musterbations - Answer-Albert Ellis - using too many "shoulds,
oughts, and musts"
APGA (1952) > AACD (1983) > ACA (1992) - Answer-American Personnel and
Guidance Association (National Vocational Guidance Association fused into)> American
Association for Counseling and Development > American Counseling Association
Nathan Ackerman & James Framo and Robin Skynner - Answer-Psychodynamic Family
Therapy
Acquiescence - Answer-when the client always agrees with something
Acquisition period - Answer-time is takes to learn or acquire a behavior
Applied/Action/experience-near research - Answer-advance our knowledge of how
skills, theories, and techniques can be used in practical application
Basic research - Answer-advance understanding understanding of theory
Active/active-directive therapy - Answer-directive paradigm
Trait-and-factor/actuarial/matching approach to career theory - Answer-match worker
and environment; assumes only 1 best career for a person; popular with computer
career guidance programs
Edmund Griffith Williamson & Frank Parsons -
Answer-Trait-and-factor/actuarial/matching approach to career theory; father of
guidence
Enmeshment - Answer-when family members are overinvolved with each other and thus
lose their autonomy
Nonsummativity - Answer-any system including the family is greater than the sum of its
parts (the individuals in it) and therefore it is necessary to examine patterns rather than
merely each individual's behavior
Adult ego state/neopsyche - Answer-rational, logical, and does not focus on feelings;
Freud's ego (rational)
Parent ego state - Answer-contains the "shoulds" and "oughts;" Freud's superego
(moral/judgment)
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