Exam (elaborations)

PNB Exam 3 UPDATED Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers

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PNB Exam 3 UPDATED Exam Questions
and CORRECT Answers
What type of neuron are each of the following terms: interneuron, motor neuron, or sensory
neuron

A. Afferent neuron
B. Efferent signal
C. Integrating center
D. Input signal

E.Output signal - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔A. Afferent neuron -sensory neuron
B. Efferent signal -motor neuron
C. Integrating center -interneuron
D. Input signal -sensory neuron
E.Output signal -motor neuron

Name the four kinds of glial cells found in the CNS, and describe the function(s) -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Astrocytes -provides support, secretion, absorption
Oligodendrocytes -form myelin
Microglia -act as scavengers
Ependyma -line ventricles

What is a ganglion? What is the equivalent structure in the CNS? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔A ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS. The CNS equivalent is a
nucleus

Peripheral nerves are equivalent to what organizational structure in the CNS? - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Tracts are the CNS equivalent of peripheral nerves

If the concentration of H+ in cerebrospinal fluid is higher than that in the blood, what can you
say about the Ph of the CSF? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔When H+ concentration increases,
pH decreases, which means CSF pH must be lower than blood pH (more acidic)

,Is cerebrospinal fluid more like plasma or more like interstitial fluid? - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Cerebrospinal fluid is more like interstitial fluid because both these fluids
contain little protein and no blood cells

If a blood vessel running between the meninges ruptures as a result of a blow to the cranium,
what do you predict might happen? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Blood will collect in the
space between the membranes, pushing on the soft brain tissue under the skin (subdural
hematoma)

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in which organelle? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Mitochondria

In a subsequent experiment, a student of Ehrlich's injected the dye into the cerebrospinal fluid
of the same animals. What do you think he observed about staining in the brain and in other
body tissues? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔The brain stained blue this time, but none of the
other body tissues were stained because the dye was unable to cross the BBB and enter the
bloodstream

In the late 1800s the scientist Paul Ehrlich injected blue dye into the bloodstream of animals.
He noticed that all tissues except the brain stained blue. He was not aware of the blood brain
barrier and drew a different conclusion from his results. What other explanation might
Ehrlich have proposed? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Some property of the brain tissue made
it resistant to staining by the dye

Name the two metabolic pathways for aerobic metabolism of glucose. What happens to
NADH produce din these pathways? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Glycolysis and the citric
acid cycle
Glucose is metabolized to pyruvate through glycolysis and then enters the citric acid cycle
(also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle). NAHD2 passes high energy electrons to the electron
transport system for ATP synthesis

If a dorsal root of the spinal cord is cut, what function will be disrupted? - CORRECT
ANSWER- ✔✔Cutting a dorsal root will disrupt sensory function

What are the differences between horns, roots, tracts, and columns of the spinal cord? -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Horns are areas of gray matter in the spinal cord

, Roots are sections of spinal nerves just before they enter the spinal cord
Tracts are long projections of white matter (axons) that extend up and down the spinal cord
Columns are groups of tracts carrying similar information

Are the following white matter or gray matter: - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Ascending tract -
white matter
Reticular formation -gray matter
Descending tract -white matter

In anatomical directional terminology, the cerebrum, which is located next to the top of the
skull, is said to be ____ to the brain stem - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Dorsal or superior

Starting at the spinal cord and moving up, name the subdivisions of the brain stem? -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

What are the four primary structures of the diencephalon? - CORRECT ANSWER-
✔✔Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland

Name the anatomical location in the brain where neurons from one side of the body cross to
the opposite side - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Pyramids in the medulla

Name the division of the brain in anatomically order, starting from the spinal cord -
CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain, diencephalon, and
cerebrum

During sleep, relay neurons in the thalamus reduce information reaching the cerebrum by
altering their membrane potential. Are these neurons more likely to have depolarized or
hyperpolarized? - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Neurons that are sending fewer signals have

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Exam (elaborations)

PNB Exam 3 UPDATED Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers

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