100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
SLCC Pathophysiology FINAL Exam Questions and Answers CA$26.68   Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. SLCC
  4.  
  5. SLCC

Exam (elaborations)

SLCC Pathophysiology FINAL Exam Questions and Answers

 5 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • SLCC
  • Institution
  • SLCC

4 Major Cations Sodium - Answer-Sodium: 135 - 145 "EXCITES" -Extracellular cation -Affects brain and nervous system = changes in LOC/seizures 4 Major Cations Potassium - Answer-Potassium: 3.5 - 5.0 "EXCITES" - Intracellular cation - Affects heart (either high or low values) 4 Major Cati...

[Show more]

Preview 3 out of 24  pages

Document information

  • October 15, 2024
  • 24
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

Subjects

  • slcc pathophysiology final exam question
  • 4 major cations sodium answer sodium

Written for

  • SLCC
  • SLCC

Seller

avatar-seller
lectknancy

Reviews received

Content preview

SLCC Pathophysiology FINAL 2024-2025
Exam Questions and Answers
4 Major Cations
Sodium - Answer-Sodium: 135 - 145 "EXCITES"
-Extracellular cation
-Affects brain and nervous system = changes in LOC/seizures

4 Major Cations
Potassium - Answer-Potassium: 3.5 - 5.0 "EXCITES"
- Intracellular cation
- Affects heart (either high or low values)

4 Major Cations
Calcium - Answer-Calcium: 8.5 - 10.5 "CALMS"
- Extracellular cation
- Affects nerves and muscles

4 Major Cations
Magnesium - Answer-Magnesium: 1.5 - 3.0 "CALMS"
- Intracellular cation
- Affects deep tendon reflexes and smooth muscle (lungs/ uterus/ heart/ intestines)

ABG values
pH - Answer-7.35 - 7.45

ABG values
PCO2 (respiratory) - Answer-35 - 45

ABG values
HC03- (Renal) - Answer-22 - 26

ABG values
PaO2 - Answer-80 - 100

Kussmaul respirations - Answer-If the body is acidic, the lungs try to raise pH by
"blowing off" CO2 (which makes a weak acid in the body - carbonic acid). This results in
KUSSMAUL breathing pattern - deep rapid breathing

How to determine if ABG is compensated/ uncompensated/ partially compensated -
Answer-Compensated = pH is NORMAL and other two values are abnormal
Uncompensated = pH and ONE other value is abnormal
PartiALLy Compensated = ALL values are abnormal

,Causes of Anemia
1. Anemia due to blood loss - Answer-~Gastrointestinal (GI) Conditions - upper or lower
GI bleeds
~non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drug over use (so patients with chronic pain are at risk
for anemia)
~Excessive menstruation or childbirth complications

Causes of Anemia
2. Anemia due to decreased or faulty RBC production - Answer-~Nutritional
deficiencies: Folate, Vitamin B-12, and Iron are necessary components of RBC
production
~Sickle Cell Anemia
~Bone marrow & stem cell problems: Leukemia and lymphoma are examples

Causes of Anemia
3. Anemia due to RBC destruction "Hemolytic Anemia" - Answer-causes can be
"Intrinsic" (inherited defective RBCs) or "Extrinsic" (everything else)
~Inherited - sickle cell & thalassemia
~Stressors - RBCs destroyed by infections, drugs, snake or spider venom
~Toxins - advanced liver or kidney disease
~Autoimmune - Lupus can affect Bone marrow
~Spleen - in enlarged spleen blood moves more slowly thru, causing RBCs to become
prematurely destroyed before they get through the spleen .

Causes of Anemia
4. Other conditions associated with decreased or faulty RBCs - Answer-Advance kidney
disease - see KIDNEY CONNECTION
Hypothyroidism - causes lowered iron levels in the blood.
Chronic diseases - INFLAMMATION causes production of cytokines that then destroy
all blood cells including erythrocytes. EXAMPLES: cancer, infection, autoimmune
disorders (lupus or rheumatoid arthritis)

KIDNEY CONNECTION - Answer-Erythropoietin (made in kidneys) signals bone
marrow to make more RBCs, so if kidneys are damaged, erythropoietin is not excreted
and RBCs are not made.

Antigens - Answer-Proteins on cell surface that identify it as foreign or not. Cell specific.

Antibodies - Answer-Immunoglobulins are the bodies compliment to antigens. When
antibodies attach to antigens cells cannot reproduce. Lock and key analogy.

Apoptosis - Answer-Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane maintains integrity,
cell contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory response.

Necrosis - Answer-Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses integrity, cell contents
released into extracellular and inflammatory response.

, What does ARDS stand for - Answer-Acute/Adult respiratory distress syndrome

How does ARDS start? - Answer-with an Acute lung injury/insult (ALI) of some type
(infection/sepsis, trauma, hypoxic event, aspiration of gastric juices/vomit, pulmonary
embolism, blood transfusion reaction, etc) that causes SEVERE LUNG
INFLAMMATION - also referred to as SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response
Syndrome)

In response to lung injury (ARDS)...the body will - Answer-release mediators, clotting
factors, vasodilating agents, etc. Damaging lungs further. Alveoli and surrounding
capillary bed is severely damaged and rendered useless. Lungs stop producing
surfactant, leads to atelectasis.

ARDS development and progression stages - Answer-1: First Stage - Respiratory
Alkalosis
2: Intermediate Stage - Acidosis (Resp & Met)
3: Intermediate Stage - Pulmonary Edema
4: Intermediate Stage - Blood Clotting
5: Late Stage - Respiratory Failure

ARDS: First Stage - Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer-Lungs try to compensate for
hypoxia by breathing faster. (Tachypnea - will cause hyperventilation) This causes CO2
to be removed from body.

ARDS: Intermediate Stage - Acidosis (Resp & Met) - Answer-As hypoxia worsens, lungs
are not able to maintain the fast rate of breathing. Resp Acidosis develops due to CO2
build up. Met Acidosis will develop as the acid from CO2 and breakdown of cells
increases (K+). Without O2 for metabolism, body moves from aerobic to anaerobic
metabolism - producing lactate (acid)

ARDS: Intermediate Stage - Pulmonary Edema - Answer-Combo of hypoxia and
acidosis causes damage to the epithelial wall between the alveoli and the adjacent
capillaries that forms the blood/air barrier. When membrane is damaged, fluid from the
blood is able to seep into the air sacs and drown the pt slowly. Also damaged lining is
inflamed, it starts oozing very thick exudate, which cannot be cleared out of the alveoli

ARDS: Intermediate Stage - Blood Clotting - Answer-Platelets respond to the
inflammation and tissue damage by making micro clots throughout the lung tissue. This
adds to the problem by blocking perfusion, which in turn leads to worsening hypoxia.

ARDS: Late Stage - Respiratory Failure - Answer-The continued acidosis and tissue
death ultimately cause further hypoxia, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, and
death. (About 40% of people who develop ARDS will die from complications)

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller lectknancy. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for CA$26.68. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

79373 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
CA$26.68
  • (0)
  Add to cart