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MCAT Biology Review, Chapter1 unit 1.1-1.5 Questions With Complete Solutions
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MCAT Biology Review, Chapter1 unit 1.1-1.5 QuestionsWith Complete Solutions
1. What are the three domains into which all life is classified,
and which two contain prokaryotes? Correct Answer The three
domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Prokaryotes are
found in the Archaea and Bacteria domains.
1. What is the primary mode of reproduction in prokaryotic
cells, and how does it differ from eukaryotic cell division?
Correct Answer The primary mode of reproduction in
prokaryotic cells is binary fission, which is a form of asexual
reproduction. Unlike eukaryotic cell division (mitosis), binary
fission is a simpler process and can proceed more rapidly.
1. Who is credited with first observing and describing cells in
1665 using a microscope? Correct Answer Robert Hooke is
credited with first observing and describing cells in 1665 using a
crude compound microscope on a piece of cork.
10. How does the passage highlight the evolving nature of
scientific theories based on new discoveries and evidence?
Correct Answer The passage highlights how cell theory evolved
as a scientific theory based on new evidence from improved
instrumentation and experimental observations over centuries.
10. What are transposons, and how can they affect gene
expression? Correct Answer Transposons are genetic elements
that can insert themselves into and remove themselves from the
genome. If a transposon inserts into a coding region of a gene, it
may disrupt gene expression.
,10. Where is the genetic material located in prokaryotic cells,
and how does it differ from eukaryotic cells? Correct Answer
Prokaryotic genetic material is located in the nucleoid region
without a nuclear envelope. It consists of a single circular
chromosome, sometimes with additional plasmids. Eukaryotic
DNA is within a membrane-bound nucleus, arranged in linear
chromosomes.
100. Explain the concept of membrane domains and their role in
organizing cellular processes. Correct Answer Membrane
domains are specialized regions with distinct protein and lipid
compositions, like lipid rafts. They organize signaling
complexes and regulate membrane trafficking.
11. According to the passage, why were organisms initially
perceived as inseparable wholes prior to the 1600s? Correct
Answer Organisms were perceived as inseparable wholes prior
to the 1600s because the inability to see smaller structures
through simple optical instruments like magnifying glasses.
11. Describe the four phases of bacterial growth and the factors
that influence each phase. Correct Answer The four phases of
bacterial growth are: lag (adaptation to new environment),
exponential/log (rapid division), stationary (slowed growth due
to resource limitations), and death (depletion of resources).
11. How do prokaryotes carry out cellular respiration and
generate ATP without mitochondria? Correct Answer
Prokaryotes use the cell membrane for the electron transport
chain and ATP generation, as they lack mitochondria.
,12. How does incomplete antibiotic treatment contribute to the
development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria? Correct Answer
Incomplete antibiotic treatment can lead to the survival of
bacteria that are more resistant to the antibiotic. These resistant
bacteria can then reproduce, resulting in the development of
antibiotic-resistant strains and recurrent infections.
12. What is the difference in size between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic ribosomes, and why is this difference significant?
Correct Answer Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (30S and
50S subunits) compared to eukaryotic ribosomes (40S and 60S
subunits). This difference allows targeting of bacterial
ribosomes with specific antibiotics.
12. Who was the first person to view a living cell under a
microscope and in what year did this occur? Correct Answer
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to view a living cell under
a microscope in 1674.
13. What analogy did Robert Hooke use when he first described
the cellular structures he observed in cork? Correct Answer
When Robert Hooke first described the cellular structures he
observed in cork, he compared the spaces within the cork to the
small rooms of a monastery, known as cells.
13. What are plasmids, and what advantages can they confer to
prokaryotic cells? Correct Answer Plasmids are small circular
DNA molecules that can be transferred between prokaryotic
cells. They are not essential for survival but can provide
advantages such as antibiotic resistance.
, 13. What is the significance of the bacterial growth curve being
a semilog plot? Correct Answer The bacterial growth curve
being a semilog plot means that a straight line during the
exponential phase represents an exponential increase in the
number of bacteria, not a linear increase.
14. How did the understanding that tissues are made up of cells
contribute to the development of cell theory? Correct Answer
The understanding that tissues are made up of cells contributed
to cell theory by showing that the function of a tissue depends
on the functions of its component cells.
14. How does the complexity of the cytoskeleton compare
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Correct Answer
Prokaryotic cells have a primitive cytoskeleton that is much less
complex than the cytoskeleton found in eukaryotic cells.
14. How does the rate of bacterial reproduction during the
exponential phase compare to the other phases? Correct Answer
During the exponential phase, bacterial reproduction is at its
highest rate compared to the other phases, resulting in a rapid
increase in the number of bacteria in the colony.
15. What are the consequences of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on
the treatment of common infections? Correct Answer
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can make common infections more
difficult to treat, as the bacteria may not respond to standard
antibiotic therapies. This can lead to more severe and prolonged
infections, as well as the need for alternative or more potent
antibiotics.
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