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Human Development correct answers the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time Nature-Nurture Issues correct answers the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences and experiential or environmental influences determine the kind of person you are ...

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  • October 16, 2024
  • 110
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • Psychology 2314
  • Psychology 2314
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Psychology 2314 || with 100% Verified Solutions.
Human Development correct answers the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how
they remain the same over time

Nature-Nurture Issues correct answers the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences and
experiential or environmental influences determine the kind of person you are

Continuity-Discontinuity Issue correct answers whether a particular developmental phenomenon
represents a smooth progression throughout the life span or a series of abrupt shifts

universal vs. context specific correct answers whether there is just one path of development or
several paths

biopsychosocial framework correct answers a useful way to organize the biological,
psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces on human development

neuroscience correct answers the study of the brain and the nervous system, especially in terms
of brain-behavior relationships

theory correct answers an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development

psychodynamic theory correct answers theories proposing that development is largely
determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages

psychosocial theory correct answers Erikson's proposal that personality development is
determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands

epigenetic principle correct answers in Erikson's theory, the idea that each psychosocial strength
has its own special period of particular importance

operant conditioning correct answers learning paradigm in which the consequences of a behavior
determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future

reinforcement correct answers a consequence that increase the future likelihood of the behavior
that it follows

punishment correct answers a consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior
that it follows

imitation or observational learning correct answers learning that occurs by simply watching how
others behave

self-efficacy correct answers people's beliefs about their own abilities and talents

,cognitive-developmental theory correct answers three distinct approaches: 1. thinking develops
in a universal sequence of stages (Piaget) 2. people process information as computers do
(information processing theory) 3. emphasizes contributions of culture on cognitive growth

information-processing theory correct answers theory proposing that human cognition consists of
mental hardware and mental software

Vygotsky's theory correct answers children's thinking does not develop in a vacuum but rather is
influenced by the sociocultural context in which children grow up

ecological theory correct answers theory based on the idea that human development is
inseparable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops

Bronfenbrenners correct answers developing person embedded in a series of complex and
interactive systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem

microsystem correct answers consists of the people and objects in an individual's immediate
environment

mesosystem correct answers provides connections across microsystem

exosystem correct answers social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still
influence development

macrosystem correct answers the cultures and subcultures in which the microsystem,
mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded

competence correct answers a person's abilities

environmental press correct answers demands put on people by the environment

life-span perspective correct answers view that human development is multiply determined and
cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework

multidirectionality correct answers development involves both growth and decline, as people
grow in one area they may lose in another and at different rates

plasticity correct answers one's capacity is not predetermined or carved in stone

historical contexts correct answers particular set of circumstances determined by the historical
time

multiple causation correct answers how we develop results from the forces of the
biopsychosocial framework

,selective optimization with compensation correct answers model in which three processes
(selection, optimization, and compensation) form a system of behavioral action that generates
and regulates development and aging, Paul Baltes

life course perspective correct answers describes the ways in which various generations
experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their
respective historical contexts

Three major dimensions that underlie the life-course perspective correct answers the individual
timing of life events in relation to external historical events; the synchronization of individual
transitions with collective familial ones, the impact of earlier life events, as shaped by historical
events, on subsequent ones

systematic observation correct answers watching people and carefully recording what they do or
say

naturalistic observation correct answers technique in which people are observed as they behave
spontaneously in some real-life situation

structured observation correct answers technique in which a researcher creates a setting that is
likely to elicit the behavior of interest

self-reports correct answers people's answers to questions about the topic of interest

reliability correct answers the reliability of a measure is the extent to which it provides a
consistent index of a characteristic

validity correct answers the validity of a measure refers to whether it really measures what
researchers think it measures

populations correct answers broad groups of people that are of interest to researchers

sample correct answers a subset of the population

correlational study correct answers investigation looking at relations between variables as they
exist naturally in the world

correlation coefficient correct answers an expression of the strength and direction of a relation
between two variables

experiment correct answers systematic way of manipulating the key factors that the investigator
thinks causes a particular behavior

independent variable correct answers the factor being manipulated

dependent variable correct answers the behavior being observed

, qualitative research correct answers method that involves gaining in-depth understanding of
human behavior and what governs it

longitudinal study correct answers longitudinal study research design in which the same
individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different points in their lives.

cross-sectional study correct answers study in which developmental differences are identified by
testing people of different ages

cohort effects correct answers problem with cross-sectional designs in which differences
between age groups (cohorts) may result as easily from environmental events as from
developmental processes

sequential design correct answers developmental research design based on cross-sectional and
longitudinal designs

meta-analysis correct answers allows researchers to synthesize the results of many quantitative
studies to estimate actual relations between variables.

ethical procedures of research correct answers selecting methods that preserve the rights of
research participants, minimize risk to participants, describe research for informed decisions,
keep results anonymous

chromosomes correct answers threadlike structure in the nuclei of cell that contain genetic
material

autosomes correct answers the first 22 pairs of chromosomes

sex chromosomes correct answers the 23rd pair of chromosomes; these determine the sex of the
child

deoxyribonucleic acid correct answers molecule composed of four nucleotide bases that is the
biochemical basis of heredity

gene correct answers group of nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) that
provides a specific set of biochemical instructions

genotype correct answers person's hereditary makeup

phenotype correct answers physical, behavioral, and psychological features that result from the
interaction between one's genes and the environment

alleles correct answers variation of genes on chromosomes

homozygous correct answers when the alleles in a pair of chromosomes are the same

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