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PATH 3610 Midterm 2 Exam | Complete Solutions (Verified)
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PATH 3610 Midterm 2 Exam | Complete Solutions (Verified) Which of the following terms describe an exudate? a. formed due to increase in venous hydrostatic pressure b. contains plasma ultrafiltrate primarily c. contains fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells The specific movement of neutrophils t...

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  • October 17, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • path 3610 midterm 2 exam
  • path 3610 midterm 2
  • path 3610 midterm
  • which of the following terms describe an exudate
  • the specific movement of neutrophils toward
  • focus of inflammation is termed

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PATH 3610 Midterm 2 Exam



Which of the following terms describe an exudate?

a. formed due to increase in venous hydrostatic pressure
b. contains plasma ultrafiltrate primarily
c. contains fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells

The specific movement of neutrophils toward a focus of inflammation is termed:

a. peristalsis
b. chemotaxis
c. margination

The systemic fever response is a result of which of the following?

a. pyrogens influencing the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre in the brain
b. a loss of vasomotor control due to bacterial toxins
c. decreased heat loss from the body due to peripheral vasoconstriction

Which of the following lists best describes the composition of pus?

a. plasma, fibrin, tissue macrophages and tissue debris
b. neutrophils, mucus, tissue debris
c. degenerating neutrophils, plasma, tissue debris and dead microbes

An active increase in blood flow to a tissue area is termed:

a. hemorrhage
b. hyperemia
c. congestion

Which of the following statements about acute inflammation is not true?

a. it is the first line of defense against an injury
b. the extent of the inflammatory reaction is proportionate to the degree of tissue
damage
c. the leakiness of the vessels allows fluids and proteins but not cells to escape

The increased vascular permeability seen early in acute inflammation is primarily the
result of:

,a. widening of intercellular junctions between endothelial cells
b. leukocyte-mediated endothelial injury
c. direct injury to endothelium by the initiating cause of the inflammation

Mast cells have an important role in inflammation because their granules release:

a. serotonin
b. histamine
c. proteases

Fibrinous inflammation develops when:

a. inflammation is caused by bacterial invasion
b. vascular permeability has increased sufficiently to allow fibrinogen to leave the
vessels
c. clotting is initiated in vessels

Opsonization refers to the:

a. enhanced phagocytosis of injurious agents by leucocytes
b. activation of mediator precursors
c. enhanced recognition by leucocytes of injurious agents, due to coating with a variety
of opsonins

granulation tissue is characterized by (2):
fibrosis and angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)

The main leukocytes of acute inflammation are:
Neutrophils

What are the 2 major vascular changes of acute inflammation?
- increased permeability of vessels
- vascular dilation

What is the main cellular response of acute inflammation?
Leukocytes leave circulation and go to site of injury

Mast cells release _________ which causes vascular dilation. This is derived from
_________________
Histamine, Amino acid histadine

Name 2 vasoactive amines
histamine and serotonin

Where are Mast cells found and how do they work?

,They are found everywhere in the body, but specifically near injured and necrotic tissue.

They have membrane bound vacuoles, granules, that contain histamine. During injury
the histamine is released and dilation occurs.




Increased blood flow to an area is called?
Hyperemia

What causes the initial leakiness of capillaries?
widening of intracellular junctions

What is Exudation?
Release of leukocytes and proteins into extravascular areas

What is Exudate?
The fluid that end up in extravascular tissue spaces

What is Transudate? And what causes it (think back to unit 2: blood flow)
opposite of exudate. Leukocytes and proteins are not allowed to leave the vessels.
Caused by decreased osmotic, or oncotic pressure

Prolonged retraction is mediated by (2)
TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)

What is the difference in composition of exudate and transudate?
Exudate: looks alot like plasma b/c nothing is held back
Transudate: ultrafiltrate b/c literally all large molecules stay in capillaries because the
capillaries are constricted

Transudate versus Exudate: which has higher protein content
Exudate

Transudate versus Exudate: what types of proteins are found in each?
Transudate: mostly albumin
Exudate: Various

Transudate versus Exudate: difference in appearance:
Transudate is clear, but exudate is turbid, yellow, and even pink

What is Ascites?

, accumulation of fluid in abdomen

What is peritonitis?
inflammation of peritoneum, caused by bacterial infection caused by blood or rupture of
abdominal organ

What is the benefit of exudation?
it dilutes the offender, and brings defence proteins to area, and drains them into
lymphatics

Where is fibrinogen made?
Liver

When fibrinogen escapes into tissue, it becomes _____________ due to ____________
fibrin, tissue thrombin

What leukocytes are capable of phagocytosis?
Neutrophils and macrophages

How do neutrophils kill offending agents? Do they work faster or slower than
macrophages.
works rapidly, uses cytoskeletal rearrangement and enzyme assembly.
Faster than macrophages

How do macrophages kill offending agents? Do they work faster or slower than
neutrophils.
involved changes in gene transcription
Slower

Leukocytes are derived from:
the myeloid cell line within bone marrow

What are the 2 arms of the myeloid cell line?
Mononuclear cells
Granulocytes

What do mononuclear cells look like?
What do ganulocyte cells look like?
They are smoothly outlined, with round nucleus
multilobulated nucleus, and cytoplasmic granules

Neutrophils are this type of leukocyte.
Granulocytes

What type of leukocyte has greatest role in ACUTE inflammation?
neutrophils

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