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NAU BIO 181 Final (Schonauer) Questions With Answers Graded A+ Assured Success
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A nucleotide consists of___________? - ️️A phosphate group, a nitrogen base, and a 5-carbon sugar. Polymerization requires energy from what? - ️️Active nucleotides or nucleotide triphosphates such as (aTP, tTP, cTP, gTP, uTP) Deoxyribose has a H at the 2' and is in - ️️DNA Ribose h...

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  • October 17, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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NAU BIO 181 Final (Schonauer)
A nucleotide consists of___________? - ✔️✔️A phosphate group, a nitrogen base, and
a 5-carbon sugar.

Polymerization requires energy from what? - ✔️✔️Active nucleotides or nucleotide
triphosphates such as (aTP, tTP, cTP, gTP, uTP)
Deoxyribose has a H at the 2' and is in - ✔️✔️DNA

Ribose has a OH at the 2' and is in - ✔️✔️RNA

Cytosine is a - ✔️✔️Pyrimidine

Uracil only exists in RNA and is a - ✔️✔️Pyrimidine

Thymine only exists in DNA and is a - ✔️✔️Pyrimidine

Pyrimidines are __________ than purines - ✔️✔️smaller

Purines are __________ than pyrimidines - ✔️✔️larger

Guanine is a - ✔️✔️Purine

Adenine is a - ✔️✔️Purine

Nucleic acids are - ✔️✔️polymers

A nucleoside only consists of what two things? - ✔️✔️5-carbon sugars and the nitrogen
base

The sugar-phosphate backbone is what type of bond? - ✔️✔️A phospho-diester bond


What is the polarity of a nucleotide chain? - ✔️✔️5'-3'

Polymerization requires energy from where? - ✔️✔️Energy already in the system.

How many H bonds in: A➝T - ✔️✔️2

How many H bonds in: G➝C - ✔️✔️3

How many strands of DNA are in one chromosome? - ✔️✔️2

,What is the main difference between RNA and DNA? - ✔️✔️RNA is single stranded
whereas DNA is double stranded

How is DNA replicated? - ✔️✔️Replication is semiconservative, which means that
teach strands is a template.

The leading strands synthesis would barely be affected.

When is DNA is reactive? - ✔️✔️When it is single-stranded

Where does overhang of DNA exist? - ✔️✔️At the 3' end of the lagging strand.

What are the ends of chromosomes called? - ✔️✔️Telomeres

What enzyme prevents shortening? - ✔️✔️Telomerase

Why are cancer cells are immortal? - ✔️✔️Because they have active telomerase.

What does DNA polymerase proofreading do? - ✔️✔️They just kinda "backspace"

What does DNA mismatch repair do? - ✔️✔️Enzymes will "chop out" the problem, then
DNA Polymerase III puts in the right one.

What does nucleotide excision repair do? - ✔️✔️A small region of the strand
surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix. The small gap left in the DNA
helix is filled in by polymerase and DNA ligase.

What can cause mutations? - ✔️✔️•UV light
•X-rays
•Chemicals

Transcription goes from - ✔️✔️DNA to RNA

Translation goes from - ✔️✔️DNA to Proteins

What is a gene? - ✔️✔️Stretches of DNA that code for a protein or functional RNA

What is a genotype determined by? - ✔️✔️The sequence of bases in it's DNA

One gene encodes how many proteins? - ✔️✔️1

mRNA connects DNA to what? - ✔️✔️Proteins

,How many amino acids are there? - ✔️✔️20

How many DNA base codes are there? - ✔️✔️4

What are codons? - ✔️✔️Groups of 3 bases

Every three bases codes for how many amino acids? - ✔️✔️1

What is a phenotype? - ✔️✔️An organism's observed properties

What is an allele? - ✔️✔️An alternative form of a gene

DNA is ___________ into RNA - ✔️✔️transcribed

RNA is ___________ into proteins - ✔️✔️Translated

The transcribed region goes from____________? - ✔️✔️the end of the promoter to the
end of the terminator

What is the first stage of transcription? - ✔️✔️Initiation

What is the second stage of transcription? - ✔️✔️Elongation

What is the third stage of transcription? - ✔️✔️Termination

Sigma is necessary for - ✔️✔️transcription in prokaryotes

In prokaryotes, when does transcription end? - ✔️✔️When a hairpin loop is formed

When transcription in prokaryotes ends it is now______? - ✔️✔️A mature mRNA that's
ready for translation

There is no sigma for - ✔️✔️transcription in eukaryotes

Basal Transcription factors are necessary for - ✔️✔️transcription in eukaryotes

In eukaryotes, how does transcription end? - ✔️✔️A poly (A) signal causes termination.

After transcription in eukaryotes ends, is it a mature mRNA? - ✔️✔️no

RNA processing in eukaryotes requires - ✔️✔️splicing

Introns - ✔️✔️the non-coding regions of mRNA

, (they are IN the way)

Exons - ✔️✔️the coding regions of mRNA
(they need to be EXpressed)

Splice - ✔️✔️to join or connect

What are the purposes of the 5' cap and the poly (a) tail? - ✔️✔️•Protect mRNA from
degradation
•Initiate translation
•Facilitate export of RNA from the nucleus

What is a UTR - ✔️✔️UnTranslated Region

What to UTR's affect? - ✔️✔️•mRNA stability
•mRNA localization
•translation efficiency

In translation, what does the ribosome do? - ✔️✔️Protein Synthesis

What is the ribozyme made up of? - ✔️✔️Proteins and rRNA

rRNA catalyzes what? - ✔️✔️Protein synthesis

Transcription and translation are going at the same time - ✔️✔️in prokaryotes

More than one ribosome can be on a RNA at once - ✔️✔️in prokaryotes

Polyribosomes are essential to translation - ✔️✔️in prokaryotes

Mature mRNAs leave the nucleus and are translated in the cytoplasm - ✔️✔️in
eukaryotes

The polypeptide chain is an - ✔️✔️amino acid chain

What brings the amino acids to the ribosomes? - ✔️✔️tRNAs

What links the amino acids into a chain? - ✔️✔️ribosomes

What are the links between the mRNA and the Amino Acids? - ✔️✔️tRNAs

The anticodon is a tRNA and it binds to - ✔️✔️the codon of the mRNA

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