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Bio 205 Exam 2 Study Guide Complete Answers What is the nucleoid? Found in prokaryotes only. Non membrane bound region of genetic material. Circular double stranded DNA Origin of replication Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotide...

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Bio 205 Exam 2 Study Guide Complete Answers

What is the nucleoid? ✅Found in prokaryotes only. Non membrane bound region of genetic material.
Circular double stranded DNA



Origin of replication ✅Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific
sequence of nucleotides.



Alleles ✅Genes with different information at the same location



Know the differences between cell structures of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
✅Chromosomes:Prokaryote has circular double stranded DNA

Eukaryotes have linear double stranded DNA



Nitrogenous bases in DNA? ✅adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)

(A) pair with (T); (C) pairs with (G)



What is "Genetic information storage"? ✅All of the information for the structure and functioning of a
cell is stored in *DNA* as base pairs.



What is the central dogma? ✅-This is the flow of genetic information

-DNA (replication) > DNA (transcription)> RNA (translation) > Protein

-Prions violate this rule, it is a self replicating protein



In what direction does DNA polymerase build new DNA? ✅-5' prime to 3' prime direction. DNA
polymerase can *only* add nucleotides to the *3'* end of a growing DNA strand



What is the difference between the leading and the lagging strand? ✅-DNA codes a leading strand in a
5' to 3' direction

, -lagging strand is still coded 5' to 3' but it is *discontinuous*; the DNA polymerase has to jump ahead
and work backwards



What do Okazaki fragments do? ✅-They are small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand
during DNA replication, joined later by *DNA ligase* to form a complete strand

-Each fragment must have a short piece of RNA called *RNA primer*



Which strand do Okazaki fragments assist in during DNA replication? ✅Lagging strand



RNA's nitrogenous bases ✅uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). (U) still pairs with (A)



Why does RNA polymerase make more errors than DNA polymerase? ✅-RNA polymerase lacks a proof
reading function

-DNA polymerase is able to proof read (check for errors)



DNA error rate ✅1 error in 10^6 - 10^8



RNA error rate ✅1 error in 10^4



Describe Translations ✅-the process of making proteins on the ribosome based on instructions from
messenger RNA is called

-mRNA codons are "read" by ribosome, as each codon is "read" the appropriate tRNA combines with it
and thereby delivering a particular amino acid to the protein assembly site.



rRNA ✅-Combines with specific proteins to make ribosomes

-Serves as a site for protein synthesis

-Associated enzymes function in controlling protein synthesis



mRNA ✅-Carries information from DNA for synthesis of proteins

-Molecules correspond in length to one or more genes in DNA

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