Exam (elaborations)

IMM EXAM TEST BANK 283 QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS NEW UPDATE

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IMM EXAM TEST BANK
283 QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT
ANSWERS NEW UPDATE
What are the three major phagocytic cells? - Answer- Neutrophils
Monocytes/Macrophages
Dendritic Cells

If I'm wandering around the body, where might I find me some dendritic cells? - Answer-
epithelial, skin, and lymph tissues

What are some characteristics of M1 and M2 macrophages? - Answer- M1--
inflammatory, destory microbes
M2--anti-inflammatory/repair

Explain the counter-regulatory relationship between TH1 and TH2 cells - Answer- TH1
cells promote CMI and opsonization (humoral immunity), while TH2 cells promote
nonopsonic immunity. They are mutually suppressive.

Whats the most important phagocyte in the induction of innate immunity? - Answer-
DCs

How's it hanging? - Answer- slightly to the left

Explain the function of phagocyte oxidase? - Answer- Within the phagolysosome, O2 is
converted by phagocytic oxidase to ROSs, which kill microbes

What are some oxygen-dependent microbicidal mechanisms of phagocytes? - Answer-
H2O2, super oxide anion (O2-), hypochlorite (OCl-), nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite
(ONOO-)

What are some oxygen-independent microbicidal mechanisms of phagocytes? -
Answer- hydrolases (lysozyme, glycosidases, proteases), acid pH, antimicrobial
proteins (lactoferrin, defensins), neutrol extracellular nets (release granule proteins and
chromatin that form extracellular fibers that bind and kill pathogens)

,What does IL-17 do? - Answer- IL-17 induces mucosal cells to release chemokines to
recruit neutrophils early in infection stage

autoimmune injury is regulated by what classes of t helper cells? - Answer- TH1 and
TH17

What is the role of CTLA-4? - Answer- It is expressed by activated T cells. It binds B7
more strongly than CD-28 and provides a negative signal for further T cell expansion.

Allergic reaction is mediated by which class of helper T cells - Answer- TH2

What is the role of FasL-Fas - Answer- They are expressed in the later stages of the
immune response to induce apoptosis of the T cells that are no longer needed (Memory
T cells are spared)

antigen-antibody complexes binding to receptors on the B cells deliver a _________
signal to B cells, __________ proliferation - Answer- negative, inhibiting

what is an adjuvant? - Answer- It promotes the halflife of an immunogen, allowing for a
stronger, longer immune response.

What has to be present to drive the continuation of an immune response? - Answer-
antigen

What three proteins suppress activated T cell activity? - Answer- CTLA-4 and PD-1 and
FasL-Fas

What is the role of PD-1 - Answer- PD-1 binds ligands on many cell types to suppress T
cell activation.

immunity to infectious diseases is regulated by which helper t cells - Answer- TH1, TH2,
and TH17

What protein is expressed to induce a T helper cell into Treg? - Answer- FoxP3+

What pathway induces TH1 differentiation? - Answer- Dendritic cells release IL-12
causing NK cells to release IFNy. The combination of these two cytokines induce TH1
differentiation

What effect does IFNy have on macrophages? B cells? naive T cells? Which T helper
cell class is releasing this? - Answer- macrophages : enhance capacity to kill what it has
ingested
B cells : immunoglobulin class switching
naive T cells : TH1 differentiation when combined with IL-12

, Which class? TH1

What pathway induces TH2 differentiation? - Answer- NK T cells release IL-4, inducing
TH2 differentiation

What protein is expressed to induce a T helper cell into TH17? - Answer- RORyt+

What cytokine is produced by dendritic cells early in infection to induce differentiation
into TH17? - Answer- IL-6 and IL-23

What does IL-22 do? - Answer- IL-22 promotes defensin production/release and
epithelial integrity

What signals from what cells cause a t helper cell differentiate into a Treg cell? -
Answer- TGF-B released by a DC cell in response to non-antigens or self antigens

What is the role of Treg cells? - Answer- Treg cells maintain our tolerance to
environmental things that we don't need to be reacting to

What kind of microbes induce a Treg response? - Answer- self antigen and non-
infectious agents

Describe the process of recognition of pathogens by phagocytes? - Answer- phagocytes
recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated
molecular patterns (DAMPs) via patter recognition receptors like TLRs

What occurs upon TLR ligation? - Answer- The triggering of phagocytosis and
production of adhesion molecules, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and type 1
IFN

What are formyl-methionyl peptide receptors? - Answer- possessed by macrophages
and neutrophils--strong chemoattractive substances that bind formyl-methionyl peptide
(fMet, the first amino acid in bacterial peptides)

What controls the thermal set point? - Answer- hypothalamus

Substances causing fever? - Answer- Pyrogens

What are exogenous pyrogens? - Answer- foreign substances from outside a patient
that induce pyogenic cytokine production

What are endogenous pyrogens? (pyrogenic cytokines) - Answer- endogenous
pyrogens released from immune cells in response to infection or other exogenous
pyrgoens, inflammatory diesease, tissue trauma, immune-complex disease

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