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PSY 219 Exam 1 Questions And Answers With Latest Updates
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PSY 219 Exam 1 Questions And Answers With LatestUpdates
how do we answer scientific questions ANS 1. prior beliefs
2. authority
3. reason and logic
-based of 'a priori' assumptions
-based on data
4. experience
-personal expericne
-scientific findings
problems with personal experience ANS 1. belief perseverance:
-hold onto belief even w disproof
2. confirmation bias:
-only pay attn to evidence that confirms belief
3. availability heuristic:
-frequency of strong emotional experiences tend to be overestimated (plane crash, slot machines)
scientific experience ANS -Objective/rational
-Empirical/testable
-Rigorously evaluated
-Tentative: could do 20 years of research & single theory could dismiss it; we never know anything
for certain
-Parsimonious: as simple as possible
goals of scientific research ANS -Describing behavior
-Predicting behavior
-Explaining behavior
,-Modifying behavior
definition of hypothesis ANS -concrete statement, about how 2 variables relate to each other
*should be testable
*must be able to be disproved
*data-driven
types of variables ANS -Conceptual Variables
-Operational Variables
-Independent Variables
-Dependent Variables
conceptual variables ANS (get def) ie depression
the idea of what needs to be measured. However, the measured variable needs to be defined to be
valid.
operational variables ANS method of measuring construct (ie self-report scale)
independent variables ANS manipulated in exp
dependent variables ANS expect to be causally impacted by independent variable; measure it
types of research ANS 1. Basic: just trying to understand, no intervention/helping
2. Applied: try to improve/test treatment/therapy
-really matters in research for which orgs will give funding (ex. NIH only funds applied)
,pseudo science ANS -fails scientific testing
-relies on anecdotal evidence
-sidesteps disproof
-oversimplifies complex problems
definition of ethics ANS set of standards; any profession regulated to make sure behaving
ethically - look up definition in book
primary questions of ethics ANS how can we protect the rights & welfare of human research
ppts?
origins of ethics codes ANS 1. Critical Incident Analysis
2. Nuremberg Trials
3. Willowbrook Hepatitis Study
4. Tuskegee Syphilis Study
5. Project MKI-ULTRA
Critical Incident Analysis ANS -APA didn't invent, many diff professional organizations; going
to professional body and asking them to tell you what they think is unethical/ethical - then from that
developed code of ethics
*arose & conducted by APA in 70s bc series of terrible ethics violations
***will describe one on exam & have to identify
Nuremberg Trials ANS -in conc camps, sci conducted research studies; want to know how long
pilot survive without warmth in winter
*subjects didn't have choice to serve
, *high death rates in experiments (expose to elements, drink fuel)
Willowbrook Hepatitis Study ANS -mental institution that took care of ppl w v low IQ, require
high levels of ongoing care (v cog impaired); at time, hepatitis rampant in Willowbrook bc
understaffed, couldn't clean bathrooms fast enough; purposefully gave kids Hep so could track course
of disease (thought likely they would get it just from going to Willowbrook)
*directly expose subj to harm
*didn't protect subjects' rights
*parents felt like they couldn't say no
· mental institution that took mostly children with severe intellectual deficit disorder
o When families were trying to get children institutionalized, they asked to give their kids hepatitis to
track the course of the disease
o Vulnerable population, kids couldn't consent, parents felt pressured to consent because wanted kids
in institution
Tuskegee Syphilis Study ANS -found 400 black men w syphilis & didn't tell them; told them
they had bad blood, could only get meds from the study; wanted to track syphilis; penicillin invented
& cures syphilis, withheld treatment from these men
*men didn't know in study, didn't know had syphilis, weren't given treatment & died
projection MKI-ULTRA ANS -heard Russia found LSD military application; US wanted to see if
any military applications for LSD
*unethical bc no informed consent; lie about what the study is, that might get hallucinations; put LSD
in water, soak uniforms, open brothels
*thought has SZ & subjects started committing suicide
5 general principles of ethical conduct ANS 1. beneficence and non-malfeasance
2. respect for people's rights and dignity
3. fidelity and responsibility
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