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Biology 116 - Final Exam - Full Review Study Guide
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Biology 116 - Final Exam - Full Review Study Guide From electron donor to electron acceptor (usually accompanied by protons H+) - Ans:-Electron transfer Electron carrier: Accepts two electrons plus one proton to form NADH - Ans:-NAD+ Electron carriers that readily accept or donate electrons - ...

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  • October 23, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




Biology 116 - Final Exam - Full Review
Study Guide


From electron donor to electron acceptor (usually accompanied by protons H+) - Ans:✔✔-Electron

transfer


Electron carrier: Accepts two electrons plus one proton to form NADH - Ans:✔✔-NAD+


Electron carriers that readily accept or donate electrons - Ans:✔✔-Shuttles


C and H have similar and form nonpolar bonds


O and N have higher and tend to hog electrons - Ans:✔✔-Electronegativity


Source of chemical energy - Ans:✔✔-Electrons


Electron carrier: Access two electrons plus two


Proteins to form FADH2 - Ans:✔✔-FAD


Depends on Position of shared electrons and Distance from pos charges in nuclei.




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Equally shared electrons have Higher potential energy than unequally shared electrons - Ans:✔✔-energy

in covalent bonds


the amount of disorder in a system.




Entropy increases when organisedness decreases, energy released




Entropy decreases when organisedness increases and energy just be spent to do that - Ans:✔✔-Entropy


Total entropy always increases in a closed system. We are not a closed system due to sun. - Ans:✔✔-

second law or thermodynamics


where the substrate binds to the enzyme (usually via H-bonding) - Ans:✔✔-Active site


Changes the conformation (shape) of the enzyme. Makes reaction more energetically favourable. -

Ans:✔✔-induced fit


Interactions between substrates and enzyme - Ans:✔✔-Transition state


The energy input required for the reaction to proceed - Ans:✔✔-Activation energy




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when temperature increases, concentration of substrate increases, enzymes have optimal temp and pH -

Ans:✔✔-Reaction rate increases


inorganic ions such as Zn 2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ that reversible interact with enzymes (organisms require

these minerals in diet) - Ans:✔✔-Cofactors


Organic molecules like NADH or FADH2 that interact with enzymes (some are required in diet and called

vitamins) - Ans:✔✔-Coenzymes


Coenzymes permanently, covalently bound to enzymes - Ans:✔✔-prosthetic groups


Form of energy used most often inside cells




Unstable, most cells make it all the time by obtaining glucose through photosynthesis (plants) or from

food - Ans:✔✔-ATP


Animals store glucose as - Ans:✔✔-Glycogen


Plants store glucose as - Ans:✔✔-Starch


1. Glycolysis


2. Pyruvate processing




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3. Citric acid cycle


4. Electron transport and chemiosmosis - Ans:✔✔-4 steps of cellular respiration


Pyruvate is oxidised to form Acetyl CoA - Ans:✔✔-Pyruvate processing


Acetyl CoA is oxidised to CO2. - Ans:✔✔-Citrix acid cycle


compounds that were reduced in steps 1-3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production - Ans:✔✔-

Electron transport and chemiosmosis


Glucose (6) is broken down to pyrovate (2x3) occurs in cytoplasm . Glucose split in half, each half is

phosphorylated, 2 ATP spent - Ans:✔✔-Glycolysis


ATP is made by transferring a phosphate directly from an intermediate substrate to ATP - Ans:✔✔-

substrate-level phosphorylation


In step 4, a proton gradient provides energy for ATP production, membrane protein ATO synthase uses

this energy to phosphorylate ADP to form ATP - Ans:✔✔-Oxidative ohosphorylation


Occurs in every prokaryote and eukaryotes group) regulated by controlling production or activation of

enzymes. Spend 2 ATP, end gives you 4 ATP. Net of 2 ATP produced. - Ans:✔✔-Glycolysis summary


Cause breakdowns of molecules, can harvest stored chemical energy to produce ATP - Ans:✔✔-Catabolic

pathways


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