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Bio 189 Midterm Study Guide Questions and Answers Rated A+

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Bio 189

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Bio 189

Bio 189 Midterm Study Guide Questions and Answers Rated A+ What role do telomeres play in cellular aging? Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration or fusion with neighboring chromosomes, and their shortening during cell division is associated with cellular aging and limi...

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bio 189 midterm study guide questions and answers

Institution Bio 189
Course Bio 189

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Bio 189 Midterm Study Guide Questions
and Answers Rated A+

What role do telomeres play in cellular aging?

✔✔Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration or fusion with neighboring

chromosomes, and their shortening during cell division is associated with cellular aging and limit

the number of times a cell can divide.

Describe how the structure of the phospholipid bilayer contributes to its function.

✔✔The phospholipid bilayer's hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads face outward while the

hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails face inward, creating a semi-permeable membrane that

regulates what enters and exits the cell.

What is the significance of the hydrogen bonds in water molecules?

✔✔Hydrogen bonds contribute to water's unique properties, such as high surface tension, high

specific heat, and the ability to dissolve many substances, making it essential for life.

How does the theory of endosymbiosis explain the origin of mitochondria?

✔✔The endosymbiotic theory posits that mitochondria originated from free-living prokaryotes

that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells, leading to a mutually beneficial relationship.

1

,What impact does pH have on enzyme activity?

✔✔Enzymes have optimal pH ranges for activity, and deviations from this range can lead to

denaturation, reducing enzyme effectiveness and altering reaction rates.

How do genetic variations arise during meiosis?

✔✔Genetic variations arise during meiosis through processes like crossing over and independent

assortment, which shuffle genetic material and create diverse gametes.

What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

✔✔The rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes and processes proteins destined for secretion

or for use in membranes, with ribosomes attached giving it a "rough" appearance.

Explain the importance of the Hardy-Weinberg principle in population genetics.

✔✔The Hardy-Weinberg principle provides a baseline for understanding genetic variation in a

population, illustrating the conditions under which allele frequencies remain stable over

generations.

How do antibiotics target bacterial cells without harming human cells?

2

,✔✔Antibiotics often target specific features of bacterial cells, such as cell wall synthesis or

ribosomal differences, which are absent in human cells, allowing them to effectively kill bacteria

without affecting human cells.

What adaptations allow plants to survive in aquatic environments?

✔✔Aquatic plants often have adaptations such as flexible stems, air-filled spaces for buoyancy,

and specialized roots for anchorage and nutrient uptake in submerged conditions.

How does natural selection contribute to evolution?

✔✔Natural selection favors individuals with advantageous traits that enhance survival and

reproduction, leading to a gradual change in the population's genetic makeup over time.

What are the consequences of climate change on biodiversity?

✔✔Climate change can lead to habitat loss, altered species distributions, and increased

extinction rates, threatening global biodiversity and disrupting ecosystem balance.

In what ways do fungi contribute to soil health?

✔✔Fungi decompose organic matter, enhancing nutrient availability and soil structure, and form

symbiotic relationships with plants (mycorrhizae) that improve water and nutrient absorption.

3

, How does cellular respiration differ from fermentation?

✔✔Cellular respiration is an aerobic process that fully oxidizes glucose to produce ATP, while

fermentation is an anaerobic process that partially breaks down glucose, yielding less ATP and

producing byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol.

What mechanisms do cells use to maintain homeostasis?

✔✔Cells maintain homeostasis through regulatory mechanisms such as feedback loops,

membrane transport processes, and signaling pathways that adjust physiological functions in

response to internal and external changes.

Archaea ✔✔-Singular, archaeon.

-Group of prokary-otes that are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria.

Atom ✔✔Smallest unit of matter. Consists of varying numbers of protons, neutrons, and

electrons.

Bacteria ✔✔Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

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