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SOC 337 Final Exam Study Guide| questions and answers correct and verified A+SOC 337 Final Exam Study Guide| questions and answers correct and verified A+ Corrections are a generic term covering a variety of functions carried out by government (and increasingly private) agencies having to do w...

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SOC 337 Final Exam Study Guide| questi
nv nv nv nv nv nv




ons and answers correct and verified A+
nv nv nv nv nv nv




Correctionsnvarenvanvgenericnvtermnvcoveringnvanvvarietynvofnvfunctionsnvcarriednvoutnvbynvgovernmentnv(andnvinc
reasinglynvprivate)nvagenciesnvhavingnvtonvdonvwithnvthenvpunishment,nvtreatment,nvsupervision,nvandnvmanage
mentnvofnvindividualsnvwhonvhavenvbeennvconvictednvornvaccusednvofnvcriminalnvoffenses.nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Correctionsnvarenvanvgenericnvtermnvcoveringnvanvvarietynvofnvfunctionsnvcarriednvoutnvbynvgovernmentnv(andnvinc
reasinglynvprivate)nvagenciesnvhavingnvtonvdonvwithnvthenvpunishment,nvtreatment,nvsupervision,nvandnvmanage
mentnvofnvindividualsnvwhonvhavenvbeennvconvictednvornvaccusednvofnvcriminalnvoffenses.
Whatnvarenvcorrections?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Correctionsnvarenvanvgenericnvtermnvcoveringnvanvvarietynvofnvfunctionsnvcarriednvoutnvbynvgovernmentnv(andnvinc
reasinglynvprivate)nvagenciesnvhavingnvtonvdonvwithnvthenvpunishment,nvtreatment,nvsupervision,nvandnvmanage
mentnvofnvindividualsnvwhonvhavenvbeennvconvictednvornvaccusednvofnvcriminalnvoffenses.
Whatnvarenvthenvrecentnvtrendsnvinnvincarcerations?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
DrasticnvincreasenvinnvincarcerationnvratesnvinnvthenvUnitednvStates.nvBetweennv1960nvandnv2012,nvtherenvwasnvanv
466%nvincrease.
Whatnvtrendsnvsurroundnvthenv'pipeline'nvofnvthenvCJS?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Notnveveryonenvwhonvcommitsnvanvcrimenvisnvpunishednvbecausenvcrimesnvarenvnotnvalwaysnvreportednvandnvthen
v'pipeline'nvhasnvmultiplenvoutcomesnv-nvjailnvtime,nvpleanvbargain,nvetc.

TruenvornvFalse?nvNotnveveryonenvwhonvcommitsnvanvcrimenvisnvpunishednvbecausenvcrimesnvarenvnotnvalwaysnvre
portednvandnvthenv'pipeline'nvhasnvmultiplenvoutcomesnv-nvjailnvtime,nvpleanvbargain,nvetc.nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
True

Notnveveryonenvwhonvcommitsnvanvcrimenvisnvpunishednvbecausenvcrimesnvarenvnotnvalwaysnvreportednvandnvthen
v'pipeline'nvhasnvmultiplenvoutcomesnv-nvjailnvtime,nvpleanvbargain,nvetc.

LegalnvPunishmentnvisnvthenvstate-authorizednvimpositionnvofnvsomenvformnvofnvdeprivationnv-
nvofnvliberties,nvresources,nvornvevennvlifenv-

nvuponnvanvpersonnvjustlynvconvictednvofnvanvviolationnvofnvthenvcriminalnvlaw.nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-

LegalnvPunishmentnvisnvthenvstate-authorizednvimpositionnvofnvsomenvformnvofnvdeprivationnv-
nvofnvliberties,nvresources,nvornvevennvlifenv-

nvuponnvanvpersonnvjustlynvconvictednvofnvanvviolationnvofnvthenvcriminalnvlaw.

Whatnvisnvlegalnvpunishment?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-LegalnvPunishmentnvisnvthenvstate-
authorizednvimpositionnvofnvsomenvformnvofnvdeprivationnv-nvofnvliberties,nvresources,nvornvevennvlifenv-
nvuponnvanvpersonnvjustlynvconvictednvofnvanvviolationnvofnvthenvcriminalnvlaw.

Whatnvarenvthenvthreenvpropertiesnvofnvthenvclassicalnvschool?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-Certainty
Swiftness
Severity
Whatnvisnvcertainty?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Thenvcertaintynvofnvpunishment,nvevennvifnvmoderate,nvwillnvalwaysnvmakenvanvstrongnvimpression.nvTherenvisnvanvl
evelnvofnvcertaintynvaboutnvfinesnvornvpunishmentnvthatnvwillnvaccompanynvanvdeviantnvbehavior.
Whatnvisnvswiftness?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Thenvmorenvpromptlynvandnvmorenvcloselynvpunishmentnvfollowsnvuponnvthenvcommissionnvofnvanvcrime,nvthenvm
orenvjustnvandnvusefulnvitnvwillnvbe.
Whatnvisnvseverity?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Thenvevilnvwhichnvpunishmentnvinflictsnvshouldnvnotnvexceednvthenvcrime

,Thenvprinciplenvofnvutilitynvpositsnvthatnvhumannvactionsnvshouldnvbenvjudgednvmoralnvornvimmoralnvbynvtheirnveff
ectnvonnvthenvhappinessnvofnvthenvcommunity;nv"thenvgreatestnvgoodnvfornvthenvgreatestnvnumber".nv-
nvcorrectnvanswers-

Thenvprinciplenvofnvutilitynvpositsnvthatnvhumannvactionsnvshouldnvbenvjudgednvmoralnvornvimmoralnvbynvtheirnveff
ectnvonnvthenvhappinessnvofnvthenvcommunity;nv"thenvgreatestnvgoodnvfornvthenvgreatestnvnumber".
Whatnvisnvthenvprinciplenvofnvutility?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Thenvprinciplenvofnvutilitynvpositsnvthatnvhumannvactionsnvshouldnvbenvjudgednvmoralnvornvimmoralnvbynvtheirnveff
ectnvonnvthenvhappinessnvofnvthenvcommunity;nv"thenvgreatestnvgoodnvfornvthenvgreatestnvnumber".
HownvisnvPunishmentnvJustified?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-Vianvassumptionsnvaboutnvhumannvnature
Hownvisnvpunishmentnvjustified?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-Hedonismnv


Hedonismnvbelievesnvthatnveveryonenvhasnvgoalsnvinnvlifenv-nvachievenvpleasurenvandnvavoidnvpain-
nvpeoplenvarenvrationalnvandnvwillnvweighnvthenvbenefitsnvandnvrisksnvofnvannvact.nvHedonisticnvcalculusnvstatesnvth

atnvindividualsnvwillnvdonvanvcost/benefitnvanalysisnvbeforenvdeciding.
Whatnvisnvthenvfunctionnvofnvpunishment?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Functionsnvfornvsocietynvasnvitnvreaffirmsnvsocialnvnormsnvandnvexpectations.nvPunishmentnvprovidesnvannveleme
ntnvofnvsympathynvandnvvengeancenvfornvvictims;nv"sendsnvanvmessage"nvtonvsocietynvasnvanvwhole.
Whatnvisnvretribution?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-"justnvdesserts"nvmodel,nvthenvpunishmentnvfitsnvthenvcrime
Whatnvisnvdeterrence?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Thenvthreatnvofnvpunishmentnvthatnvmakesnvpeoplenvnotnvwantnvtonvcommitnvanvcrime
Whatnvisnvgeneralnvdeterrence?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Preventativenveffectnvofnvthenvthreatnvofnvpunishmentnvonnvthenvgeneralnvpopulation,nvaimednvatnvpotentialnvoff
enders.

Examplenv-nvspeednvlimitnvsigns,nvdeathnvpenalty,nvpresencenvofnvsecuritynvcameras
Whatnvisnvspecificnvdeterrence?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Thenvexperiencenvofnvsufferingnvpunishmentnvshouldnvinhibitnvfuturenvlawnvviolations.nvAimnvtonvconvincenvoffen
dersnvthatnvthenvpainsnvofnvpunishmentnvarenvgreaternvthannvthenvpotentialnvbenefitsnvofnvcrime.

Examplenv-nvthreenvstrikesnvlaw
Whatnvisnvannvexamplenvofnvgeneralnvdeterrence?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-Examplenv-
nvspeednvlimitnvsigns,nvdeathnvpenalty,nvpresencenvofnvsecuritynvcameras

Whatnvisnvannvexamplenvofnvspecificnvdeterrence?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-Examplenv-nvthreenvstrikesnvlaw
Recidivismnv-
nvreoffending,nvcommittingnvanvcrimenvafternvalreadynvhavingnvbeennvpunished.nvThenvU.S.nvhasnvhighnvrecidivism

nvratesnvwhennvcomparednvtonvothernvcountries.nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-Recidivismnv-

nvreoffending,nvcommittingnvanvcrimenvafternvalreadynvhavingnvbeennvpunished.nvThenvU.S.nvhasnvhighnvrecidivism

nvratesnvwhennvcomparednvtonvothernvcountries.

ContrastnvEffectnv-
nvthenveffectnvofnvpunishmentnvdependsnvonnvhownvsaidnvconsequencesnvaffectnvthenvoffender'snvlifenv-

nvcorrectnvanswers-ContrastnvEffectnv-

nvthenveffectnvofnvpunishmentnvdependsnvonnvhownvsaidnvconsequencesnvaffectnvthenvoffender'snvlife

Whatnvisnvrecidivism?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-Recidivismnv-
nvreoffending,nvcommittingnvanvcrimenvafternvalreadynvhavingnvbeennvpunished.nvThenvU.S.nvhasnvhighnvrecidivism

nvratesnvwhennvcomparednvtonvothernvcountries.

Whatnvisnvthenvcontrastnveffect?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-ContrastnvEffectnv-
nvthenveffectnvofnvpunishmentnvdependsnvonnvhownvsaidnvconsequencesnvaffectnvthenvoffender'snvlife

,Incapacitationnv-nvthenvinabilitynvofnvcriminalnvtonvvictimizenvpeoplenvduenvtonvbeingnvlockednvawaynv-
nvcorrectnvanswers-Incapacitationnv-

nvthenvinabilitynvofnvcriminalnvtonvvictimizenvpeoplenvduenvtonvbeingnvlockednvaway

SelectivenvIncapacitationnv-
nvanvpunishmentnvstrategynvreservingnvprisonsnvfornvanvselectnvgroupnvofnvoffenders.nvRoughlynv6-

10%nvofnvoffendersnvcommitnvthenvmajoritynvofnvallnvcrimes.nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-SelectivenvIncapacitationnv-
nvanvpunishmentnvstrategynvreservingnvprisonsnvfornvanvselectnvgroupnvofnvoffenders.nvRoughlynv6-

10%nvofnvoffendersnvcommitnvthenvmajoritynvofnvallnvcrimes.
CriminalnvCareernv-nvanvlifenvofnvminornvoffensesnvthatnvmostnvpeoplenvmakenv

Example:nvunderagenvdrinking,nvjaywalking,nvminornvdelinquentnvchoicesnv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
CriminalnvCareernv-nvanvlifenvofnvminornvoffensesnvthatnvmostnvpeoplenvmakenv

Example:nvunderagenvdrinking,nvjaywalking,nvminornvdelinquentnvchoices
CareernvCriminalnv-nvsomeonenvwhonvperpetuallynvcommitsnvcrimenv-nvcorrectnvanswers-CareernvCriminalnv-
nvsomeonenvwhonvperpetuallynvcommitsnvcrime

Whatnvisnvincapacitation?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Thenvinabilitynvofnvcriminalnvtonvvictimizenvpeoplenvduenvtonvbeingnvlockednvaway
Whatnvisnvselectivenvincapacitation?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Anvpunishmentnvstrategynvreservingnvprisonsnvfornvanvselectnvgroup
ofnvoffenders.nvRoughlynv6-10%nvofnvoffendersnvcommitnvthenvmajoritynvofnvallnvcrimes.
Whatnvisnvanvcriminalnvcareer?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-Anvlifenvofnvminornvoffensesnvthatnvmostnvpeoplenvmakenv

nvsomeonenvwhonvperpetuallynvcommitsnvcrimeExample:nvunderagenvdrinking,nvjaywalking,nvminornvdelinquen
tnvchoices
Whatnvisnvanvcareernvcriminal?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-Someonenvwhonvperpetuallynvcommitsnvcrime
Rehabilitationnv-
nvchangenvoffenders'nvattitudesnvsonvthatnvtheynvcomenvtonvacceptnvtheirnvbehaviornvasnvwrongnv(rathernvthannvde

ternvthroughnvmorenvpunishment)nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-Rehabilitationnv-
nvchangenvoffenders'nvattitudesnvsonvthatnvtheynvcomenvtonvacceptnvtheirnvbehaviornvasnvwrongnv(rathernvthannvde

ternvthroughnvmorenvpunishment)
Reintegrationnv-nvhelpsnvoffendersnvreenternvthenvfreenvcommunitynvandnvdonvsonvwell-
equippednvwithnvskillsnvtonvbenvsuccessfulnv-nvcorrectnvanswers-Reintegrationnv-
nvhelpsnvoffendersnvreenternvthenvfreenvcommunitynvandnvdonvsonvwell-equippednvwithnvskillsnvtonvbenvsuccessful

CrimenvControlnvModelnv-
nvemphasizesnvcommunitynvprotectionnvfromnvcriminalsnvandnvstressesnvthatnvcivilnvlibertiesnvcannvonlynvhavenvre

alnvmeaningnvinnvanvsafenvsocietynv-nvcorrectnvanswers-CrimenvControlnvModelnv-
nvemphasizesnvcommunitynvprotectionnvfromnvcriminalsnvandnvstressesnvthatnvcivilnvlibertiesnvcannvonlynvhavenvre

alnvmeaningnvinnvanvsafenvsociety
DuenvProcessnvModelnv-nvstressesnvthenvrightsnvofnvthenvaccusednvmorenvthannvthenvrightsnvofnvthenvcommunitynv-
nvcorrectnvanswers-DuenvProcessnvModelnv-

nvstressesnvthenvrightsnvofnvthenvaccusednvmorenvthannvthenvrightsnvofnvthenvcommunity

Whatnvisnvrehabilitation?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Changenvoffenders'nvattitudesnvsonvthatnvtheynvcomenvtonvacceptnvtheirnvbehaviornvasnvwrongnv(rathernvthannvdet
ernvthroughnvmorenvpunishment)
Whatnvisnvreintegration?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Helpsnvoffendersnvreenternvthenvfreenvcommunitynvandnvdonvsonvwell-equippednvwithnvskillsnvtonvbenvsuccessful

, WhatnvisnvthenvCrimenvControlnvModel?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Emphasizesnvcommunitynvprotectionnvfromnvcriminalsnvandnvstressesnvthatnvcivilnvlibertiesnvcannvonlynvhavenvrea
lnvmeaningnvinnvanvsafenvsociety
Whatnvisnvthenvduenvprocessnvmodel?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Stressesnvthenvrightsnvofnvthenvaccusednvmorenvthannvthenvrightsnvofnvthenvcommunity
GalleynvSlaverynv-
nvanvsentencenvforcingnvthenvconvictnvtonvworknvasnvanvrowernvonnvanvship.nvThisnvtypenvofnvpunishmentnvwasnvusedn

vasnvannvalternativenvtonvthenvdeathnvpenalty.




GalleynvSlaverynvwasnvmainlynvusednvbynvthenvAncientnvGreeksnvandnvRomans,nvEurope,nvandnvEngland.nv-
nvcorrectnvanswers-GalleynvSlaverynv-

nvanvsentencenvforcingnvthenvconvictnvtonvworknvasnvanvrowernvonnvanvship.nvThisnvtypenvofnvpunishmentnvwasnvusedn

vasnvannvalternativenvtonvthenvdeathnvpenalty.




GalleynvSlaverynvwasnvmainlynvusednvbynvthenvAncientnvGreeksnvandnvRomans,nvEurope,nvandnvEngland.
Bridewellsnv-nvworkhousesnvconstructednvtonvholdnvandnvwhipnv"beggars,nvprostitutes,nvandnvnightwalkers"nv-
nvcorrectnvanswers-Bridewellsnv-

nvworkhousesnvconstructednvtonvholdnvandnvwhipnv"beggars,nvprostitutes,nvandnvnightwalkers"

Debtors'nvPrisonsnv-nvsimilarnvtonvbridewells,nvpeoplenvcouldnvworknvoffnvdebtnvthroughnvhardnvlabornv-
nvcorrectnvanswers-Debtors'nvPrisonsnv-

nvsimilarnvtonvbridewells,nvpeoplenvcouldnvworknvoffnvdebtnvthroughnvhardnvlabor

Whatnvisnvgalleynvslavery?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Anvsentencenvforcingnvthenvconvictnvtonvworknvasnvanvrowernvonnvanvship.nvThisnvtypenvofnvpunishmentnvwasnvusednv
asnvannvalternativenvtonvthenvdeathnvpenalty.
Wherenvwasnvgalleynvslaverynvmainlynvused?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
GalleynvSlaverynvwasnvmainlynvusednvbynvthenvAncientnvGreeksnvandnvRomans,nvEurope,nvandnvEngland.
Whatnvarenvbridewells?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Workhousesnvconstructednvtonvholdnvandnvwhipnv"beggars,nvprostitutes,nvandnvnightwalkers"
Whatnvarenvdebtors'nvprisons?nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Similarnvtonvbridewells,nvpeoplenvcouldnvworknvoffnvdebtnvthroughnvhardnvlabor
Asnvcitiesnvstartednvtonvdevelopnv(increasednvpopulation),nvjobsnvbecamenvscarce.nvIncreasesnvinnvpovertynvresul
tednvinnvharshnvresponsesnvfromnvthosenvinnvpower.nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
Asnvcitiesnvstartednvtonvdevelopnv(increasednvpopulation),nvjobsnvbecamenvscarce.nvIncreasesnvinnvpovertynvresul
tednvinnvharshnvresponsesnvfromnvthosenvinnvpower.
Transportationnv-nvanvsentencenvbanningnvconvictsnvfromnvanvcitynvandnvmovingnvthemnvtonvanvpenalnvcolonynv-
nvcorrectnvanswers-Transportationnv-

nvanvsentencenvbanningnvconvictsnvfromnvanvcitynvandnvmovingnvthemnvtonvanvpenalnvcolony

NorfolknvIslandnv-
nvbrutalnvprisonnvaroundnv1,000nvmilesnvoffnvAustraliannvcoast.nvPoorlynvfed,nvclothed,nvandnvhousednvinmates.nv-

nvcorrectnvanswers-NorfolknvIslandnv-

nvbrutalnvprisonnvaroundnv1,000nvmilesnvoffnvAustraliannvcoast.nvPoorlynvfed,nvclothed,nvandnvhousednvinmates.

AlexandernvMaconochienvwasnvthenvnavalnvcaptainnvandnvwardennvofnvNorfolknvIsland.nvHenvtransformednvthenvb
rutalnvplacenvandnvbegannvtonvrewardnvinmatesnvfornvgoodnvbehavior.nvThisnvresultednvinnvprivilegesnvandnvearlynvr
eleasenv(firstnvsignsnvofnvsuchnvcorrectionalnvpractices)nv-nvcorrectnvanswers-
AlexandernvMaconochienvwasnvthenvnavalnvcaptainnvandnvwardennvofnvNorfolknvIsland.nvHenvtransformednvthenvb
rutalnvplacenvandnvbegannvtonvrewardnvinmatesnvfornvgoodnvbehavior.nvThisnvresultednvinnvprivilegesnvandnvearlynvr
eleasenv(firstnvsignsnvofnvsuchnvcorrectionalnvpractices)

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