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BBH 310 Final Exam || All Answers Are Correct 100%.
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Co-Vary correct answers When two variables "move together"; that is, when a person scores higher on one variable, he or she tends to score higher (or lower) on the other variable. Cross-Sectional study correct answers Study that takes measurements on one group of research participants at one tim...

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  • October 31, 2024
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BBH 310 Final Exam || All Answers Are Correct 100%.
Co-Vary correct answers When two variables "move together"; that is, when a person scores
higher on one variable, he or she tends to score higher (or lower) on the other variable.

Cross-Sectional study correct answers Study that takes measurements on one group of research
participants at one time only (with no manipulation). Retrospective → looking backwards into
time to get an idea of what lead to a point

Cross-Sectional Strengths correct answers Easy (don't have to follow people over time or deliver
intervention)
- cheaper/faster
- large probability samples (external validity) → representing populations

Cross-Sectional Weakness correct answers - Not good for cause and effect
- hard to say if hypothesized cause came before hypothesized effect
- confounders

Cohort Study correct answers Observational longitudinal study; multiple observation time points
for each participant. ** Prospective cohort study: looking forward; when you start collecting data
on your predictor variable at the beginning of the study and measure your outcome variable at
later time points

Cohort Strength correct answers - Establish if hypothesized cause came before hypothesized
effect
- change over time (data collected at one point can predict outcome later)
- Evaluating if "person variables" are risk factors predicting health outcomes

Cohort Weakness correct answers - Expensive/time consuming
- Confounders

Case Study correct answers Aren't really a design → allows to bring observations from all aspect
of patient's life and how they are relevant to the case; rare .
Observational or involve some testing. No representative sample

Case Study Strength correct answers - Insight about extremely rare phenomena
- Synthesize clues and come up with new hypothesizes based on investigation of all the factors
relevant to one specific person

Case Study Weakness correct answers - Tiny sample size, unknown external validty

Case-Control Study correct answers Selects 2 groups to compare the differences between them
(totally different samples)
Case group → has disease or characteristic
Control group → do not; compare.
* retrospective → what aspect of their history tends to be different from the controls (cause)

, Case Control Strength correct answers - Focuses attention on rare cases
- Works for objective, stable risk factors that can be reliably measured retrospectively
- Can infer possible risk factors of disease

Case-Control Weakness correct answers - Selection biases between case and control groups
- Retrospective → biased (have to remember)
- Confounders

Narrative Review correct answers Summary of empirical research findings on a particular
subject in a very flexible format; non-systematic

Narrative Review Defining Feature correct answers *** common, Do not require authors to
explicitly disclose how they searched for and found information

Narrative Review importance correct answers effects in a single study can be small and subtle so
many sources need to be put together for a pool of evidence considered when coming to an
overall conclusion.

Narrative Review Strengths/Weaknesses correct answers Strength
-choice of most appropriate format.
-comprehensive
-appropriate for broad and hard to narrow topics

Weakness
Bias
-Publication Bias: not every primary research study is published and a lot of the time it is only
the flashy, dramatic one that are.
-Bias towards reporting investigations of NEW topics instead of doing further work to confirm
previously studied topics.
-Reviewer Bias: reviewers have opinion on subject writing an article on.
- Confounders and other problems in original studies.

Systemic Literature Reviews correct answers Requires reviewer to state the rules they followed
when they decided what to include and what to leave out.
Fair

Systemic Literature Reviews Defining feature correct answers ***must include:
1. set objectives
2. clear set of rules for how the team will search literature to find relevant info.
3. Evaluate quality
4. Organization

Systemic Literature Reviews Importance correct answers Fair and eliminate reviewer bias,
transparent; necessary when there is a very specific question to review

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