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BBH 310 PSU Final Exam || All Correct.
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  • BBH 310 PSU
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  • BBH 310 PSU

Indicators of causality correct answers Association, precedence, plausibility, parsimony Types of Statistical tests correct answers Correlation, T-test, ANOVA, Chi-square Association correct answers must be present to infer causality Precedence correct answers cause comes before the effect...

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  • October 31, 2024
  • 7
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • indicators of causality

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  • BBH 310 PSU
  • BBH 310 PSU

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BBH 310 PSU Final Exam || All Correct.
Indicators of causality correct answers Association, precedence, plausibility, parsimony

Types of Statistical tests correct answers Correlation, T-test, ANOVA, Chi-square

Association correct answers must be present to infer causality

Precedence correct answers cause comes before the effect

parsimony correct answers simplest explanation

plausibility correct answers scientifically possible

correlation variables correct answers two quantitative variables

T-test variables correct answers two categorical variables predicting a quantitative outcome

ANOVA variables correct answers predictor is categorical with three or more categories,
outcome is quantitative

Chi-square variables correct answers categorical variable predicting a categorical outcome

Exaggerating effects correct answers makes the treatment seem more effective than it actually is

example of exaggerating effects correct answers expectation effects

Masking effects correct answers makes the treatment seem less effective than it actually is

example of masking effects correct answers attrition effects

Types of observational studies correct answers cross-sectional, case-control, cohort

Weaknesses of observational studies correct answers random assignment, hard to see
precedence, in-equivalence in groups, can't use causal language

Strengths of observational studies correct answers easy to conduct, can look at unethical
variables

Types of experimental studies correct answers factorial, crossover, pre-post, between/within
subject,

Weaknesses of experimental studies correct answers expectation and attrition effects, other
mechanisms of explanation

Strengths of experimental studies correct answers equivalence, more conclusive

, Active data collection correct answers when participants actively do something to collect/record
data

passive data collection correct answers collecting data that requires no effort from the participant

Induction correct answers bottom up, using specific evidence to make broad implications

Deduction correct answers top down, using broad knowledge to make specific hypothesis

When to use predictor/outcome variables correct answers observational studies

When to use independent/dependent variables correct answers experimental studies

Ontology correct answers Defining things, the study of being

Epistemology correct answers study of knowledge and reason, beliefs justified through evidence

Phenomenology correct answers The study of individuals' own unique, first-person, conscious
experience. What is real? People's personal experiences and observations

Ethics correct answers what is right and wrong, are risks justified?

Different types of scales correct answers quantitative, categorical

Quantitative scales correct answers discrete or continuous

discrete quantitative variable correct answers specific number/integer (# of siblings)

continuous quantitative variable correct answers can take on any continuous number (height,
weight)

categorical scales correct answers nominal or ordinal

nominal categorical variables correct answers have no order or differences (wearing red, blue, or
white)

ordinal categorical variables correct answers can be put in a meaningful order, have distinct
differences (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior)

Problem with sampling bias correct answers samples are not representative of the population of
interest

Types of sampling correct answers random, convenience, stratified

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