Exam (elaborations)

Chem 310 Exam 1 || with A+ Guaranteed Solutions.

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Chem 310

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Chem 310

What is a anion? correct answers A negatively charged ion What is a cation? correct answers A positively charged ion What are periods? correct answers Horizontal rows on the periodic table What are groups on the periodic table? correct answers vertical columns How do you find how many n...

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what is a anion

Institution Chem 310
Course Chem 310

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Chem 310 Exam 1 || with A+ Guaranteed Solutions.
What is a anion? correct answers A negatively charged ion

What is a cation? correct answers A positively charged ion

What are periods? correct answers Horizontal rows on the periodic table

What are groups on the periodic table? correct answers vertical columns

How do you find how many neutrons are in an atom? correct answers Weight - protons

Is it possible for isotopes of the same element to have the same nominal masses? Explain your
answer. correct answers No, isotopes will have the same amount of protons but different
neutrons. So two isotopes of the same element will not have the same mass mass.

Mass= protons- neutrons

What type of properties do electrons have? correct answers Wave- like properties. They fill all
the orbitals at the same time.

They act as standing waves.

What are quantum numbers? correct answers n, l, ml, ms

What is the quantum number n and what does it affect? correct answers the number assigned to
each orbit of an electron. It affects both the energy and size of an atomic orbital.

The bigger N is the more energy and greater size of the orbital

What is the quantum number l and what does it affect? correct answers L is the angular
momentum quantum number It is between o and n-1. L corresponds to s, p, d. So L affects the
shape of the orbital

So when l=0 then it is a s shape.
When l=1 then it is p shape.
When l=2 then the orbital is a d orbital.
l=3 it is is a f orbital.

What is the quantum number m and what does it affect? correct answers This is the magnetic
quantum number, The value of m describes the orientation in space of the orbital. It is
determined by the value of l. The values are between -l and +l. So if l=1 then m= -1, 0, +1.

What is the quantum number s and what does it affect? correct answers Spin quantum number. It
corresponds to spin up or spin down.

, What are the three rules of atomic orbitals? correct answers 1. Aufbau principle- orbitals fill
from lowest to highest energy

2. Pauli exclusion principle- maximum number of electrons in an orbital is two

3. Hindu's rule- Degenerate orbitals are filled one electron at a time with parallel spins until all
have one electron before a second is placed

Fill each orbital before pairing electrons

What is a subvalence shell? correct answers All electrons before the outside shell

What is a valence shell? correct answers outermost shell

What is the kernel charge of an atom correct answers The number of protons subtracted by the
number of sub valence electrons determines the number of valence electrons.

What are some characteristics of kernel charge? correct answers The greater the kernel charge,
the more the nucleus will pull the valence electrons in.

So for example in a comparison between carbon and nitrogen, nitrogen has a greater kernel
charge resulting in a smaller atom. As atomic radii is measured by how far the outermost
electrons are. And in a nitrogen atom the valence electrons are being pulled harder than carbon.

As you move right within a period the kernel charge increases.

What is the octet rule? correct answers in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the electron
configuration of a noble gas which has 8 valence electrons

What are acceptable violations to the octet rule? correct answers 1. 2nd period elements have less
than 8 valence electrons

2. 3rd period elements can expand their valency because they have d orbitals

What are unacceptable violations to the octet rule? correct answers 1. Carbon with more than 5
bonds to it
2. Hydrogen should only have one bond

What factors affect atomic Radius? correct answers Kernel charge and the size of an orbital

The quantum number n affects an orbital so a atom with a 3s and 3p is greater than an atom with
a 2s or 2p orbital.

Kernel charge also affects the size of an orbital. The higher the kernel charge the smaller the
radius as the nucleus is pulling the valence electrons closer to the nucleus.

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