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BIO 219 Exam 2: Questions & Complete Answers
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BIO 219 Exam 2: Questions & Complete Answers
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BIO 219 Exam 2: Questions & Complete AnswersWhat is cell signaling? Right Ans - Where the signal originated
What are autocrine signals? Right Ans - act on the same cell that secreted
them
What are paracrine signals? Right Ans - diffuse locally and act on nearby
cells
What are juxtacrine signals? Right Ans - act through direct stimulation of
the adjacent cells
What are endocrine signals? Right Ans - hormones carried between cells by
blood or other body fluids
What is apoptosis? Right Ans - programmed cell death
What is anti-apoptosis? Right Ans - Continues to function
What are grow factors? Right Ans - Continues to grow/divide
What happens if there is no signal? Right Ans - The cell knows that
something is wrong and apoptosis occurs
What 2 things does cell signaling require? Right Ans - Signal and receptor
What are some things that are not molecules that can be signals? Right Ans
- Heat, motion/force, light
What do ligands do? Right Ans - Bind to receptors, causing allosteric
change
Ligands are highly specific to their receptors due to what? Right Ans -
protein-protein interactions
What is GTP hydrolysis? Right Ans - Deactivating a G-protein via allostery
, What is GTP hydrolysis caused by? Right Ans - GAP (GTPase Activating
Protein)
What is a key molecule in signaling that can donate a phosphate group to "flip"
a switch? Right Ans - ATP
What do kinases do in regards to ATP during signal transduction? Right
Ans - They move phosphates from ATP to recipient molecule
What does the addition of phosphate to the recipient change? Right Ans -
The structure/allostery and it changes its chemical properties
What does the removed phosphate do during signal transduction? Right
Ans - It can be transferred to another molecule or exist as inorganic phosphate
(Pi) and is not added back to ADP
What does an ion channel coupled receptor do? Right Ans - Opens/closes
ion channels- which provides ions for cell functions and changes the
membrane potential
What does a G-protein coupled receptor do? Right Ans - Works together
with an intracellular G-protein to transmit the incoming signal
What does the receptor tyrosine kinase do? Right Ans - phosphorylates
each other to transmit a signal
Can work with G-protein Ras but aren't G-protein coupled
What is the structure of the nucleus? Right Ans - Double membrane bilayer
What is DNA usually wrapped in Right Ans - Proteins (called chromatin)
What is DNA attached to in the nucleus? Right Ans - Inner nuclear
membrane which keeps organized
How are proteins transported into the nucleus? Right Ans - Through the
nuclear pore
How are nuclear pores created? Right Ans - Through its double membrane
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