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NUR 641E MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 2025 ACTUAL EXAM LATEST QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS
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NUR 641E MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 2025 ACTUAL EXAM LATEST QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS
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NUR 641E MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE 2025ACTUAL EXAM LATEST QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS
Bioavailability (is affected by) Correct Answer -chemical
instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 Correct Answer -enzymes that function
to metabolize potentially toxic compounds, including drugs
and products of endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin,
principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants,
antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with
certain drugs that are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with
omeprazole) because there is competition for enzyme
metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer Correct Answer An inducer
increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in a
decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor Correct Answer An inhibitor
decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in an
increased level or effect of the substrate.
,Clopidogrel Correct Answer prodrug that must be
activated by hepatic CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals
who are poor metabolizers may not form the active
metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) Correct Answer how often a drug is
administered
4-5 Correct Answer steady state is reached in _-_ times
the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) Correct Answer -Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K Correct Answer warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) Correct Answer -rapid anticoagulation by
binding with antithrombin III and inhibits factors IXa, Xa,
XIIa, and XIII
-aPTT monitoring (low dose SQ does not require
monitoring)
Apixaban (MOA) Correct Answer direct factor Xa inhibitor
parenteral administration Correct Answer -directly into
systemic circulation
-poor absorption or unstable in GI tract (ex. heparin,
insulin), rapid absorption, unable to take meds PO
, -IV, IM, SQ, ID
IV Correct Answer -into the vein
-can be given through bolus (rapid peak) or infusion (lower
peak, longer duration)
-ex. rocuronium (neuromuscular blocker)
IM Correct Answer -aqua solutions absorbed rapidly
-depot absorbed slowly in a nonaqueous solution such as
polyethene glycol (simple diffusion)
SQ Correct Answer -absorption via simple diffusion
-constant, slow, and sustained effects
-not for drugs that cause tissue irritation d/t pain and
necrosis
ID Correct Answer -diagnostic determination and allergy
sensitivity
inhalation Correct Answer -drug effects as rapid as IV
bolus
-minimizes systemic side effects of respiratory drugs
oral Correct Answer -antidotes may be provided
-most common, convenient, and economical method of
drug administration
-most complicated drug pathway
-low gastric pH inactivates some drugs
-20-60 minutes for effects
-enteric, extended-release
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