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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (EXAM 1) REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY(EXAM 1) REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is Psychology? - Answer-The study of mind and behavior.
What is Nativism (Nature)? - Answer-Nativism is the theory that knowledge is innate
and inborn. Our biological endowment makes up who we are.
What is Empiricism (Nurture)? - Answer-Empiricism is the idea that we gain knowledge
through experience and surroundings. Our environment makes up who we are.
Plato - Answer-He believes in the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are
innate and inborn (nativism/nature).
Aristotle - Answer-He believes in philosophical empiricism which states that knowledge
is gained through experience.
Wilhelm Wundt - Answer-He believes in the idea of structuralism. Structuralism is when
you analyze the brain by breaking it down to its main components.
William James - Answer-He believes in the idea of functionalism. Functionalism is when
you see how someone functions or adapts to new aspects in their environment.
John Watson - Answer-He believed that psychology and the mind was not able to be
studied through scientific inquiry. Instead, he was a behaviorist who focused more so
the actions of humans to explain their train of thought.
B.F. Skinner - Answer-He was another behaviorist that believed in Pavlov's experiments
and Watson's theories. He studied how behavior was learned according to
circumstance.
Sigmund Freud - Answer-He came up with psychoanalytic theory which is very much so
used today. Psychoanalysis is the study of unconscious mind and how it affects a
person's thoughts, feelings, and emotions.
Behaviorism - Answer-an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict
themselves to the scientific study objectively observable behavior
Cognitive Psychology - Answer-the scientific study of mental processes including
perception, thought, memory, and experience
, Evolutionary Psychology - Answer-a psychological approach that explains mind and
behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by
natural selection (Influenced by Darwin, James, and EO Wilson)
Humanistic Psychology - Answer-an approach to understanding human nature that
emphasizes the positive potential of human beings
Social Psychology - Answer-A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and
consequences of interpersonal studies
Cultural Psychology - Answer-Study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological
processes of their members
Emergence of Cognitive Psychology - Answer-It became a thing when Max Wertheimer
began to study illusions and errors when it came to the mind. He came up with the
Gestalt theory that states that we rather perceive the "sum" over the "parts". Kurt Lewin
believed that we saw the world as we saw it and not at all how it actually was. The
invention of computers made most psychologists ignore this and see psychology
objectively.
Operational Definition - Answer-It is the description of a property in concrete,
measurable terms. For example, you can operationally define happiness as the amount
of times that someone smiles.
Dependent variable - Answer-A variable whose value depends on another variable
Independent variable - Answer-A variable who is manipulated for an experiment, but
does not depend on another
Reliability - Answer-It is the tendency for an instrument to produce the same
measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing.
Power - Answer-An instrument's ability to detect change in the property.
Validity - Answer-The goodness with which a concrete event defines a property
Demand Characteristics - Answer-The aspects of an observational setting that caused
people to behave as they think they should
What is a correlation? - Answer-They are two variable that are said to be correlated
when variation of one variable is synchronized with the variation in the value of another.
However, correlation does not equate to causation.
What is the third variable problem (confounding variable)? - Answer-It is the chance that
two variable are only related because of each are causally related to a third one.
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