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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM #2 QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
Learning - Answer-relatively permanent change in knowledge/behavior arising from
experience
Classical Conditioning - Answer-we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate
events
Pavlov - Answer-classical conditioning, putting food in a dogs mouth caused the animal
to salivate. dog began salivating at the sight of food
Unconditioned Response - Answer-naturally occurring response to the unconditioned
stimulus (salvation in response to food)
Unconditioned Stimulus - Answer-stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and
automatically) triggers a response (food in mouth triggers salvation)
Conditioned Response - Answer-the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
(salvation in response to the tone was conditional upon the dog's learning the
association between the tone and food)
Conditioned Stimulus - Answer-an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association
with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response (tone stimulus
now triggers the conditional salvation)
Little Albert - Answer-taught to be afraid of things that are white. he sees a white rat,
they bang a metal pole and he gets afraid. they do it continuously and he eventually
starts crying at the sight of the rat.
Tolerance - Answer-diminished response to a drug after repeated use
Clever Hans - Answer-horse that learned to do math by picking up on signals from his
master
Extinction - Answer-the diminished responding that occurs when the conditioned
stimulus (tone) no longer signals the impending unconditioned stimulus (food)
Spontaneous Recovery - Answer-the reappearance of the conditioned response
triggered by the conditioned stimulus after a pause
Response Generalization - Answer-tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned
stimulus to trigger the conditioned response
, Stimulus Discrimination - Answer-in classical conditioning, the learned ability to
distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli
Higher-Order Conditioning - Answer-conditioned stimulus in one conditioning
experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker)
conditioned stimulus (dog knows that tone=food=salvation, may learn
light=tone=food=salvation)
Scapegoat Food (Classical Conditioning) - Answer-cancer patients receiving
chemotherapy can learn to associate the nausea with a new food. patients ate hospital
food and kept their weight (experiment worked). us=chemotherapy, ur=nausea,
cs=maple off ice cream, cr=nausea
Associative Learning - Answer-certain things occur together. the events may be two
stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and it's consequences (operant
conditioning)
Operant Conditioning - Answer-we learn to associate a response and its consequences
and thus repeat actions followed by good results.
Operant Behavior - Answer-behavior that operates on the environment to produce
consequences
Law of Effect - Answer-rewarded behavior is likely to recur.
Skinner - Answer-Operant Conditioning experiments. Taught pigeons to walk, play ping-
pong and keep a missile on course.
Skinner's Box - Answer-operant chamber, has a bar or key that an animal presses or
pecks to release a reward of food or water, and a devise that records the responses.
Shaping - Answer-Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior
toward closer and closer approximations
Negative Reinforcement - Answer-positive behavior followed by removal of negative
consequences
Positive Punishment - Answer-decrease in a negative behavior followed by positive
consequence
Observational Learning - Answer-learning by observing and imitating others
Vicarious Conditioning - Answer-learning the consequences of an action from observing
its consequences from someone else (Bandura BoBo doll experiment)
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